Kaziranga National Park - 1849 Words

KAZIRANGA NATIONAL PARK [pic] CONTENTS INTRODUCTION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 CASE STUDY: MANAGEMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 THE PROBLEMS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 CONSERVATION/ CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 METHODOLOGY/ BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 INTRODUCTION Kaziranga is meant to be a title of an unforgettable success story of conservation of the One Horned India Rhinoceros and other wild lives in the North East India. It is not only the homeland of the Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros, but also gives shelter to a variety of wild animals. It is one of the significant natural habitats for in situ conservation of biological biodiversity of universal value. The values and criteria made Kaziranga National Park to get inscribed in the World Heritage Site List 1985. The Kaziranga National Park area†¦show more content†¦The park at present houses 2,048 rhinos , the highest in the world and also has the highest population of Swamp deer and Wild Buffalos in the world apart from the other species . Officials involved in the anti poaching operations say that poaching of rhinos say that after the operations , the poachers move to the neighbouring states and finally smuggle it outside the country and other states should also play an effective role to control poaching. Poaching has increased in the recent months for its huge demand in South Asia as the horn composed of keratin fiber is believed to have aphrodisiac value and can fetch up to Rs.1.5 million per kg in the international markets which are smuggled to South Asian countries through Moreh border in Manipur. Tiger Attack : Kaziranga National Park The forest department received a message early on May 19th about a large tiger which had killed two cows near Tamuli Pathar village, which is close to the boundary of the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) in the north-eastern Assam state. By 10 am a joint team of the Assam forest department including the director of the park, Mr N. K. Vasu, the local administration, police and the army, and the Wildlife Trust of India(WTI)-managed Centre for WildlifeShow MoreRelatedTourism in Assam: Status and Prospects3722 Words   |  15 PagesWildlife 1. endangered species hollock gibbon, the capped langur, the golden langur, the pigmy hog, the clouded leopard, the golden cat, the white winged wood-duck, 2. five National Parks and eleven wildlife and bird sanctuaries for protection and preservation of wildlife in the state. The five National Parks – Kaziranga, Manas, Nameri, Orang and Dibru-Saikhowa Poaching a big problem (b) Religious Barpeta, Battadwara, hajo, Kamakhya, Surya pahar (c) Historical Digboi, Sibasagar, tezpur Read MoreWild Life Protection Act of India2566 Words   |  11 Pages(PROTECTION) AMENDMENT BILL, 2010 IV. CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE IN INDIA V. VARIOUS PROJECTS INDIAN WILDLIFE 3 The wildlife of India is a mix of species of diverse origins. The regions rich and diverse wildlife is preserved in numerous national parks and wildlife sanctuaries across the country. According to one study, India is home to about 60-70% of the worlds biodiversity. India, lying within the Indomalaya Eco Zone, is home to about 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of avian, 6.2% of reptilianRead MoreEssay on Green Infrastructure4124 Words   |  17 Pagesopportunities for financing agencies, governments, business owners/operators, engineers, and local communities to ensure that infrastructure is smart, green and tiger-friendly. This study followed a multi-level approach at the international, national, sectoral, and project levels. It examined policy infrastructure challenges and opportunities, using lessons learned from case studies, along with regional and in-country analyses. While there are options for improvement for all countries, RussiaRead MoreThe Global Wild Tiger Population1788 Words   |  8 Pagesreason. So, we should save tigers. Why should we save tigers? 1. Tiger is our National Animal. Tiger was chosen as the National animal of India due to its grace, strength, agility and enormous power. As the tiger is also considered as the lord of Jungle, it was an obvious choice for the National Animal category. Since time immemorial, the tiger has been considered as a Royal Animal. Often, The Tiger as the National Animal of India symbolizes the power, strength, elegance, alertness, intelligenceRead More Critical Tiger Habitat or Critical Wildlife Habitat 1532 Words   |  7 Pagesobjectives of the Wildlife Protection Act. Supreme Court then passed an order imposing a temporary ban on tourist activities in the core areas of forests. Tourism was then allowed only in the buffer areas. For example, in certain tiger reserves such as Kaziranga Wildlife Reserve, tourism was not allowed in 95% of the core area. Various arguments have been put forward with regard to allowing tourism in the buffer and core areas of the forests. The advocates of tourism argue that tourism should be al lowedRead MoreMajor Environmental Problems in the North Eastern India: Possible Legal and Non-Legal Solutions2365 Words   |  10 Pagesforest and tribals, the entire north-east region is rich in its natural resources-oil, natural gas, minerals and most importantly valuable forests. The worlds largest river Island Majuli is situated in the heart of the river Brahmaputra. The Kaziranga National Park in the Jorhat district of Assam is the home for the world famous one-homed rhinoceros. The place of highest rainfall in the world Mousimam is situated in Meghalaya. Assam produces the largest share of tea thats nearly 53% of theRead MoreTea Crops Lead to Deforestation Essay1376 Words   |  6 Pagesthe pollution of rivers and lakes. Tea plants provide ideal conditions for a number of pests, resulting in the widespread use of toxic pesticides. As proclaimed in this study, it had been discovered that four elephants were found dead in Kaziranga National Park, India, after they wandered into a tea plantation and ate grass which had been sprayed with pesticides. While there is an increased demand for tea, more land is being deforested and converted into these tea plantations. ‘Land Grabbing’ orRead MoreIncredible India3330 Words   |  14 Pages [pic] TABLE OF CONTENTS ⠝â€" Introduction ⠝â€" Facts and figures ⠝â€" Population of India ⠝â€" History of India ⠝â€" Culture and people ⠝â€" Geography ⠝â€" Environment of India ⠝â€" Name of many cities of India ⠝â€" Language ⠝â€" National symbol of India ⠝â€" Festivals of India ⠝â€" Holidays of India ⠝â€" Religion demography ⠝â€" Tourist place of India ⠝â€" Famous people of India ⠝â€" Hindi movies ⠝â€" Music ⠝â€" Food of India ⠝â€" Conclusion Introduction The Republic ofRead MoreTourism in India5630 Words   |  23 PagesTourism in India Tourism  is the largest service industry in  India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the  national GDP  and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnesses more than 5 million annual foreign tourist arrivals and 562 million domestic tourism visits.[2][3]  The tourism industry in India generated about US$100 billion in 2008 and that is expected to increase to US$275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.[4]  In the year 2009, 5.11 million foreign tourists visited India.Read MoreHuman Perception of Other Species1943 Words   |  8 Pagesexploitations by avaricious industrialists. NATIONAL LEVEL: CASE STUDY ON ONE HORNED RHINOCEROS: The Great Indian Rhinoceros, prominently known as the one-horned rhinoceros is native to India and is one among the endangered species that are facing high risk of extinction in the wild. It has been a part of many complex ecosystems for about 40 million years. According to the IUCN, about 70% of this specie is presently found in the kaziranga national park in north eastern India but around 15th century

The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media...

The Negative Impact of Exposing Children to Media Violence On April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, 13 people were killed and another 23 were wounded in one of the worst school killing incidents ever (Skeesis). Since the 1980s, overall homicide rates in the U.S. have declined. However, homicide rates for ages 14-17 have increased quite dramatically during this time period (Fox). Among other numerous potential causes, violence in the media may play a role in this increase in youth violence. Today, there is much controversy over the potential harmful effects of media violence on childrenà ­s lives. I believe that exposure of children to media violence is harmful. For the purposes of this paper, I will limit the definition of (mass)†¦show more content†¦Some may go on to argue that children have grown up watching TV violence for many years now, so that there must be some other explanation for the recent surge in youth violence. However, this argument is flawed. Not until the past few decades have conclusive studies on the effects of television violence been performed. As more of these studies are done, the evidence is becoming increasingly clear that there are adverse effects of television violence on children. Over the last three decades, the one overriding finding in research on the mass media is that exposure to media portrayals of violence increases aggressive behavior in children (media_violence.html). This fact is clear evidence that overexposure to television will have long-term negative effects on childrenà ­s behavior, and in turn, their entire lives. Aggression, quite obviously, can lead to dangerous situations. A child who is overly aggressive will get himself into fights where someone is likely to get hurt. Sure, children are often irrational and engage in fights over trivial matters, but how would you feel knowing that your own kid is hurting other children and himself because he or she watched someone on TV do it? An extensive study of entertainment programming found that in 73% of violent acts, there was no punishment for the perpetrators (APA). This sends a desperately negative message to our youth: Ità ­s okay to hurt people; youShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violence On Young Children981 Words   |  4 PagesChildren throughout America spend countless hours on the media, such as watching television, playing video games, or listening to music. Most media in the world today contains immeasurable images of violence, and average total media use of children throughout the United States is nearly 8 hours per day (Bushman Anderson, 2001). This means that through this constant access to the media, young children are exposing themselves to countless images of graphic violence. This is a serious issue, as youngRead MoreEffects Of Media Violence On Teenagers1509 Words   |  7 PagesEffects on Media Violence and Young Children and Teenagers Violence and aggression have been seen often in nowadays media through music, commercials, video games, television and movies. Many argue whether the violence in media makes impact on people. Some claim there is no correlation between violence in media and reality. Christopher Ferguson, an associate professor in Psychology at Stetson University said â€Å"Basically, by †¦ playing first-person shooter video game †¦ you keep them off the streetsRead MoreViolent Media Is Good for Kids: An Analysis of Gerald Jones Argument866 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Violent Media is Good for Kids: An Analysis of Gerald Jones Argument According to Gerald Jones  ¦head-bonking cartoons, bloody videogames, playground karate, toy guns gives children a tool to master their rage. In a bid to further reinforce his assertion, Jones uses his own childhood as an example of how violent entertainment can benefit kids. In his opinion, Hulk, a fictional character, helped him become more self-assured and confident. The author further points out that his son seemed toRead MoreMedia Violence1535 Words   |  7 Pagesat looking at the potentially harmful effects of the consumption of violent media and the impact it has on psychological factors. Two psychological factors that have been researched are empathy and aggression and how violent media influences these two emotions. Theories that have tried explaining the pathway from the viewing of violence in media and the impact on aggression have generally focused on the role of violent media being used by consumers as observational learning and promoting the developmentRead MoreFor years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children.800 Words   |  4 PagesFor years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children. On television, thousands of murders are being broadcasted to children who are in Elementary School, they are witnesses to hundreds of thousands acts of murder and general violence. In Media Now, ethics come to play and discussions regarding the question who is truly responsible for media effects comes into play? Watching too much violent TV and playing too many violent video games takes a toll on childrensRead MoreMultimedia Violence : A Grave Threat Of Teens Of The New Generation. Craig A. Anderson1585 Words   |  7 PagesMultimedia Violence : A Grave Threat to Teens of the New Generation Craig A. Anderson, an eminent director of the Center for the Study of Violence at Iowa State University, commented on multimedia violence saying, â€Å"Exposing children and adolescents (or ‘youth’) to violent visual media increases the likelihood that they will engage in physical aggression against another person. By ‘physical aggression’ we mean behavior that is intended to harm another person physically, such as hitting with a fistRead MoreTelevision : A Blessing And A Curse940 Words   |  4 Pagesand a curse. The unsuspecting exposure of children to this type of media can fuel inappropriate performances and behaviors, such as violence or ill-mannered language, because at their early age they are not capable to clearly distinguish between what is real and what is wrong or right. Of course, many will probably disagree on the grounds that television is good for you and is a positive influence. Television is the most easily reached media for children, since its present in most households andRead MoreMedia Violence and Its Effect on Children Essay1112 Words   |  5 Pagessociety that violence in the country is on the rise. It is easy to see why this is a strong argument among the American people, especially because of the rising popularity of violent video games and television programs. However, as these violent video games and television shows are creating their own place in our society, the reports of violence among children are escalating. This correlation has been studied extensively in the scientific community in an attempt to discover whether media violence does negativelyRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effects On The Media1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Many studies suggest that violent video games contribute to the aggressions of video games players. Today over 85% of video games contained violence, and the rest have explicit content like sex, drugs, and disregard to human life (Carnagey, Anderson, Bushman, 2007). Someone who is new to video games is exposing themselves to violence, and for many the general concern comes from being influence from such games. For example, video games first influence school shooting that first startedRead MoreEffects Of Children On Adult Issues1913 Words   |  8 Pagescontroversially debated whether or not exposing children to adult issues will have a detrimental effect on their developmental health due to their lack of maturity and lack of real world experience. While some believe that children exposed to these issues at an early age will grow up to live normal healthy lives that idea is not commonly accepted. In order to protect children from adult issues such as violence, children have become what is known as an protected audience. What children are protected from varies

Hospitality & Tourism in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.Identify and discuss the prime ethical and governing issues presented in the Vanuatus Broken Dream video. 2.Did PO Cruises act ethically in this case? 3.Discuss how Australian and/or Vanuatus governments could have resolved identified issues. 4.Suggest at least three recommendations to overcome such issues in the future. Answers: 1.From the video, there are various ethical issues presented. The first issue in this case is failing to assist those who were supposed to be assisted with the money received from the tourists. Before the tourists arrived, the residents had great hope that a lot would change. When tourists flood in a particular area, some dollars were expected to move from the rich to the poor. From Vanuatus, this was not the case. The money which they thought would assist them to upgrade their lives were stolen for personal benefits. This was wrong based on the fact that the residents were in need of different necessities. It is also wrong to build a toilet for the tourists when the residents do not have one. Toilets plays a significant role in preventing the spread of some deadly diseases (Pierce, 2016). The community in this case are living in total poverty because those who lead them are greedy. From this great development opportunity which was triggered by tourists, those who are in charge could have utilised the received money to develop the wellbeing of the residents. When the tourists arrived, most of the residents were so welcoming. Some of them dedicated their time to even act as tour guides for the tourists, clean the area and establish artwork that would attract them. Having spent a lot of time and energy in doing so, they were never paid well. The money which they could have been paid was stolen by those in charge. This was unethical because human beings deserve better pay for the tasks they undertake and using public resources for personal gains is wrong. Failing to publish financial statements between 2004 and 2012 shows that those in charge were massively stealing public funds and did not want people to realize through the financial statements. The prime minister in this case was aware that corruption was the order of the day and was ready root it out. From the video, most of the politicians live in luxury while so many residents remain in poverty. This is not right because the residents are the ones who contribute in generating the money which make the politicians to live good lives (Wright, 2012). When the tourist arrived, the residents played a key role of welcoming them, selling products to them, and showing them some of their cultural practices. This means they were supposed to fully benefit from what was received from the visitors. 2.PO cruises acted ethically because the tourists did their part. What was questionable is how the authorities spent the money. When the tourists came, some of the residents had some stores to sell various goods to them. The visitors were so generous because they sometimes told the residents to keep the change when they purchased a particular product. The tourists were also so friendly to the residents. They were interested with various services which the residents offered (Yap, 2017). They paid those who had something unique to show case as a way of appreciating and motivating the residents. This means the PO cruises had done something good to the people because it has brought them an opportunity which would change their lives if the money was well utilized. When some of the tourist heard that the few available toilets were made for the foreigners, they were surprised (King, 2012). They did not imagine how a foreigner can have a toilet yet the residents who are the taxpayers do not. Showing concern towards this issue indicates that irrespective of feeling that they were being valued, they were also concerned with the wellbeing of the residents. Tourists remains off-limits to the people in this island (Wright, 2012). PO cruises did good to make the residents experience what tourism is all about. Tourism plays a significant role in developing an area and therefore it was a good action for the PO cruises to bring the foreigners in this area. Who should be responsible for rectifying issued that you have identified? Why? Explain your reasoning The people who should be responsible for rectifying the issue is the government and the agencies that are concerned with tourism and developments (King, 2015). From the case, Vanuatu is an island that should be developed based on the fact that the tourist came with a lot of money. The government and concerned agencies should investigate to identify where the money went. The residents should also play a role in rectifying the issue (Okech, 2010). They should always question about how public resources are being utilised when they suspect things are not going as expected. They have the right to make those who are in charge to show how each coin obtained from the tourists was used. The residents should avoid electing leaders whose ethical track records are questionable. From the case, we are told that financial statements of different years were not provided. This indicates that an individual or a group of people was misusing public funds and did not want the public to know (Klintman, 2012). Based on this factor, the residents should unit and question why that was happening. Chief tourism stakeholders like for example PO cruises should also act to rectify the issue (Okech, 2010). They should ensure the money received from the visitors is utilised to benefit those who are involved in conducting activities which pleases the visitors and also to develop the wellbeing of the community. 3.From this case, the government is the key stakeholder which should have intervened to resolve this issue. The residents were experiencing problems because those who should have intervened were among were corrupt and after personal gains (King, 2012). One of the ways which the vanuatus government would have done to address the issue is making sure the money that was received from the activity was properly used. The government of Australia and that of Vanuatu should have worked together to investigate the matter and take legal action upon the culprits. The disciplinary action should be strong enough and publicized so that those who had intentions to misuse public funds for personal gains can learn a lesson. Vanuatu government would have ensured that those who were in charge of the money were people who understood the importance of ensuring the community lives in good conditions. Having corrupt individuals in the government was the primary cause of the problems which the residents were experiencing (Wright, 2012). The government of Australia and that of Vanuatus should have ensure financial statements were availed to the public each year for scrutiny. The other way in which the government of Vanautu would have done to intervene the situation is ensuring the foreigners do not seem to be favoured more than the residents. Although this may seem a special consideration to the tourists, some of them may see it as some form of discriminating the residents and even decide to never to visit the area again (Dimitrova, 2015). The reason why the tourists may feel so is because being in an area where hygiene and sanitation is not valued may risk them to getting various diseases even if they had special toilets. The Vanutu government should also encourage the residents to engage in income generating activities to root out poverty in the region. This could be through opening small businesses, engaging in faming activities and relating well with the tourists. 4.To overcome such issues in future, the government should scrutinize all officials to ensure they value integrity in what they do (Okech, 2010). The reason which made this issue to arise was because the government officials were very corrupt and did not mind the wellbeing of the people. Ensuring high level of integrity among the government officials will assist in having leaders who are focused to development rather than personal gains. The residents can also play a role in preventing this issues from happening in the future by pressing the government to correctly utilize the money received from the tourists (Pierce, 2016). When the residents remain silent over the issue, those who steal the money will never see the importance of not stealing what should be utilized for development. The residents should also consider electing only leaders who knows the importance of attracting tourists and those who knows the importance of developments. Lastly, such issues can be prevented in the future by ensuring the legal measures are taken upon those who misuse money received from the tourists (Wright, 2012). Taking legal measures will assist in making the corrupt officials to quite from engaging in such activities and hence lead to proper utilization of the money earned through tourism. Bibliography Dimitrova, M., 2015. The Ethics of Tourism. Critical and Applied Perspectives. European Journal of Tourism Research, Volume 10, pp. 57-65. King, S., 2012. 'Australia Speaks': Reactions to Political Opinion Polls in Australia 1941-1943. Flinders Journal of History and Politics, Volume 28, pp. 78-96. King, V., 2015. Encounters and Mobilities: Conceptual Issues in Tourism Studies in Southeast Asia. SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 30(2), pp. 541-562. Klintman, M., 2012. Issues of Scale in the Global Accreditation of Sustainable Tourism: Schemes toward Harmonized Re-Embeddedness?. Sustainability : Science, Practice, Policy, 8(1), pp. 87-95. Okech, R., 2010. Tourism Impacts on Local Communities around Coastal Zones: Issues of Sustainable Development. Journal of Tourism Challenges and Trends, 3(1), pp. 21-35. Pierce, J., 2016. Mythic Frontiers: Remembering, Forgetting, and Profiting from Cultural Heritage Tourism. The Arkansas Historical Quarterly, 75(3), pp. 12-23. Wright, C. B., 2012. On the Edge of Crisis: Contending Perspectives on Development, Tourism, and Community Participation on Rote Island, Indonesia. Austrian Journal of South - East Asian Studies, 5(1), pp. 95-102. Yap, O. F., 2017. When Do Citizens Take Costly Action against Government Corruption? Evidence from Experiments in Australia, Singapore, and the United States. Journal of East Asian Studies, 17(1), pp. 25-52

The Revolution of a Counterculture free essay sample

The Revolution of a Counterculture I see an America full of different people wearing what they want, saying what they want, and being what they want to be. There was a time though, not so long ago, that this was not widely popular or accepted. The transition period from post-World War II Americas shared conventionality to the America you and I live in today was one of the most tumultuous and tormenting times in our nations history.It was the closest thing to civil war our nation has seen since the actual civil war, and it was cultivated by a minority Of politically active, experimental college aged students. Suppose I owe these radical teenagers some sort of a thank you. Whether it is a good or a bad thing, our country and our lives would be different if they hadnt introduced the defiance they did in the late asses. We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of a Counterculture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But why? Why did these young people care enough to riot the streets of major American cities? Why did they begin to challenge the standards of our nations music, and television, and fashion?Why did they experiment with drugs and people and the American way of life? That is what I want to know- the why of the 1 sass countercultures revolution. Cost World War II America thrived with patriotism, the economy flourished, and the government was respected and loved by almost all Americans. The birth rate in the United States was rising, and would reach an all-time high during the late asss and into the asss. Children born between 1945 and 1950 would come to be labeled the Baby Boomers. The Baby Boomers were being raised in a post- war haven of sorts.Parents of these children had been raised in a different world. During most of their lives the nation had been in war, the economy had been less than perfect. Naturally, they dreamed of a better life for their children, and the economy Ewing what it was meant they could satisfy those dreams. During the asses not only births would reach an all-time high, but college attendance would skyrocket as well. The baby boomers of the late ass and early asss were raised in a post-World War II nation that was, in the eyes of this vast and opinionated minority, unattractively marked by conformity and social complacency.Throughout my whole research paper I came to realize one very important thing- not every young person from 1965-1972 was a member of some radical social movement organization or believed that LSI and acid rock were some sort of religion. Actually there was even a split between three groups of individuals, which would even be given their own names- the New Left, the Hippies and the Hippies. When began my research was, like any modern day American would be, familiar with the term Hippie. Hippies are what most of us have come to learn them to be. They smoked weed, used LSI, and were all about free-love.The term Hippie was completely new to me. Hippies were merely politically active Hippies. The New Left were still somewhat experimental college aged students, but they fought for more radically than Hippies. The New Left fought equality and civil rights. In my mind I came to think of these separate cultures as belonging to a spectrum of sorts. Nothing is perfect, and neither was the separation between Hippies, Hippies, and the New Left activists. There were revolutionaries at both ends of the spectrum, and people in between each bridge of countercultures.On February 1, 1 960 four Negro students would enter the Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina. They were well dressed, and refused to leave until served at the Whites-only lunch counter. In less than an hour, they would they would have a place in history, and little did they or anyone else now they would change the course of mankinds political and social status for the rest of time. The Woolworth sit-ins would be repeated in twenty southern cities by the end of February. The sit-ins were a start to the revolution against the status-quo that would begin in the asses.The combination of idealism, increasing anticipations, and a colossal baby boomer generation fueled The Movement, and the New Left would begin. (McMillan, 2000, p. 26) They would make their mark through anti-Vietnam protesting, riots against race and sex discrimination, and would fought endlessly for the free expressionism of their speech rights. Students who may have been relatively apolitical began to find themselves in the extreme elements of a political, free and easy college environment. Music and fashion would begin to change. No longer were you hearing lamenting love songs.Folk singers would take over the top 40 charts, writing lyrics ban because of their anti-war themes. There were those who began to not trust anyone over thirty. This created a bridge between youth and authority that has not ended yet. Watch the ways my peers, and even I treat our parents. Ways that would to be acceptable sixty years ago. Though the New Left Movement would last only a decade, it would change American ethics and opinions forever. The New Left affected us in almost every way possible. We would not have the president we do now if not for them. I would not wear what do to school, or be paid what am if not for them.The New Left is said to have died out in the asses, I disagree. Baby Hoffmann Youth International party or Hippies are what most of us would more commonly view as hippies. Hoffman described her party as a blending of pot and politics. (McMillan, 2000, up. 6-67)Hippies loved their drugs, Earth, and their political views, alike. Hippies protested Vietnam and urged the nation for peace, love, and drugs. Hippies would become famous at the Democratic Convention in Chicago where the New Left and Hippies intermingled, and were tear gassed and beaten by the police together.Before they were the butt of many jokes, Hippies alarmed many Middle Americans. Hippies were convinced that America was materialistic, competitive, and anxiety ridden. (McMillan, 2000, p. 65) Hippies were most successful in changing America because of their absolute indifference to political issues. Hippies found their release through drugs, free love, and music. LSI was the potato of the counterculture. F-room LSI words such as psychedelic are well known to day. Drug rates in the 1 9605 tripled that of the 1 sass. Weed, known as marijuana today, was also a staple to Hippie happiness. With LSI came Acid Rock, and Bands such as the Grateful Dead. Music began to talk about things like sex and drugs through interpretive lyrics, like The Battles Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds (L SD). Fashion changed from poodle skirts to the peasant blouse. Tribal prints and apparel were considered to be more peaceful than urban wear. Unknowingly our nation soaked up their slang, dress, and unconcerned attitudes. Hippies, real Hippies, were a small minority that gathered on the west coast, supremely on the intersection of Height and Suburb in San Francisco. Washburn, as it was called, was the epicenter of the counterculture. It was described as an adult Disney Land where young people sought peace and love away from the rest of the world. By June 1966 15,000 Hippies were calling Washburn home. Washburn had its own underground newspaper, The Oracle, where 100,00 readers read about drug busts, love- ins, police activities, and rock concerts. There were free clothing and food shops, LSI trip rooms, and places to get drugs, and for lack of my willingness for further explanation whatever else these young people sought.During my research, I could not understand why the police did not end this dirty and filthy cacaos. I watched a video on history. Com called Ask Steve. Steve mentioned the police did not crush this civilization because they did not want it to spread. Washburn even had social workers, The Diggers. The Diggers opened their own free food shops. They also brought an end to the stereotype, Hippie, by holding a formal mock rock funeral for the name. Diggers filled a coffin with dried marijuana and beard shavings, which were then lit on fire. They then headed for the seclusion, where they began communes.Drugs and love were taught and practiced freely there. The Hippies and the communes faded into the legacy of the decade the same as the Battles and The Grateful Dead. But, like The Battles are still listened to, communes are still present in the South and along the Pacific Coast. They, however, are not still preoccupied with love and drugs. (McMillan, 2000, p. 69) The aftermath of the Countercultures revolution left the asses bruised and torn. By the end of the decade, the division had set a tone for public life that is still with us today.The ass may not have caused such a cultural loss as we believe them to, it may simply be they were a sharp contrast to the ass. Either way, we lost the social conformity that was so encouraged in the ass. There are many comforts I owe to the cultural reformists of the ass. I wear my hair long and wavy because Hippie women made it common and okay. I wear jeans to school because college students started to introduce them into the educational environment during that decade. I listen to alternative music cause ass folk rockers started to introduce controversial topics to top 100 charts.The Cultural Revolution made my life different, even if do not like to give such a radical and obscure people the credit for doing so. I said in my introduction that I wanted to know the why of the Countercultures Revolution. My honest and educated answer to that is, simply, because it needed to happen. Ages and views in the nation were dramatically divided in many instances, and somebody had to learn how to deal with it, and the revolutionists and authorities alike worked together, without knowing it, to do just that.

Publicistic Style free essay sample

The publicist style of language became discernible as a separate style In the middle of the 18th century. It also falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other styles, the publicist style has a spoken variety, namely, the oratorical subtle. The development of radio and television has brought into being another new spoken variety, namely, the radio and TV commentary. The other two subtitles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and Journalistic articles (political, social, economic) In newspapers, Journals and magazines.Book reviews In Journals, newspapers and magazines and also pamphlets are generally included among essays. The general aim of publicist style, which makes it stand out as a separate style, is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed In the speech, essay or article not merely through logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Publicistic Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This brain-washing function Is most effective n oratory, for here the most powerful instrument of persuasion, the human voice, is brought into play. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, publicist style has features in common with the style of scientific prose, on the one hand, and that of emotive prose, on the other. Its coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and its careful paragraphing, makes It similar to scientific prose.Its emotional appeal Is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning. The use of Imagery and other titlists devices as in emotive prose: but the stylistic devices used in publicist style are not fresh, or genuine. The individual element essential to the belles-letters style is, as a rule, little in evidence here. This is in keeping with the general character of the style. The manner of presenting ideas, however, brings this style closer to that of belles-letters, In this case to emotive prose, as it Is to a certain extent Individual.Naturally, of course, essays and speeches have greater individuality than newspaper or magazine articles where the Individual element Is generally toned down and emitted by the requirements of the style. 287 Further, publicist style is characterized by brevity of expression. In some varieties of this style it becomes a leading feature, an important linguistic means. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic. 1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES The oratorical style of language is the oral subdivision of the publicist style. It has already been pointed out that persuasion is the most obvious purpose of oratory. Oratorical speech, writes A.Potency, seeks not only to secure the understanding and. Digesting of the Idea, but also serves simultaneously as a spring setting off a remits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. In its leading features, however, oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honorable member(s), the use of the 2nd person pronoun you, etc. , sometimes contractions (Ill, wont, havent, isnt and others) and the use of aliquot words. This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions, as public weddings, funerals and Jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and Judges in courts of law. Political speeches fall into two categories: parliamentary debates, and speeches, at rallies, congresses, meetings and election campaigns.Sermons deal mostly with religious subjects, ethics and morality; sometimes nowadays they take up social and political problems as well. Orations on solemn public occasions are typical pessimism of this style and not a few of their word sequences and phrases are ready-made phrases or cliches. The sphere of application of oratory is confined to an appeal to an audience and therefore crucial issues in such spheres as science, art, literature, or business relations are not touched upon except perhaps by allu sion. If such problems are dealt with in oratorical style the effect is humorous. The following extract from Posthumous Papers of the Picking Club by Charles Dickens is a parody of an oration. -? But I trust, Sir, said Poet, that I have never abused the enormous power I wield. I trust, Sir, that I have never pointed the noble instrument which is placed in my hands, against the sacred bosom of private life, of the tender breast of individual reputation;-? I trust, Sir, that I have devoted my energies to-?to endeavourers-?humble they may be, humble I know they are-?to instill those principles 1 nowhere A.A. Pop. Cit. , p. 4. 288 -? Here the editor of the Denotations Gazette appearing to ramble, Mr.. Picking came to his relief, and said-?Certainly. -? The stylistic devices employed in oratorical style- are determined by the conditions of communication. If the desire of the beaker is to rouse the audience and to keep it in suspense, he will use various traditional stylistic devices. But undue prominence given to the form may lead to an exaggerated use of these devices, to embellishment. Tradition is very powerful in oratorical style and the 16th century rhetorical principles laid down by Thomas Wilson in his Rate of Rhetoric are sometimes still used in modern oratory, though, on the whole, modern oratory tends to lower its key more and more, confining itself to a quiet business-like exposition of ideas. Stylistic devices are closely interwoven and mutually complementary thus building up an intricate tatter. For example, antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are accompanied by repetition, while climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds.As the audience rely only on memory, the speaker often resorts to speech. Repetition is also resorted to in order to convince the audience, to add weight to the speakers opinion. The following extract from the speech of the American Confederate general, A. P. Hill, on the ending of the Civil War in the U. S. A. Is an example of anaphoric repetition: It is high time this people had recovered from he passions of war. It is high time that counsel were taken from statesmen, not demagogues It is high time the people of the North and the South understood each other and adopted means to inspire confidence in each other Further, Indianapolis is used: The South will not secede again. That was her great folly-folly against her own interest, not wrong against you. A mere repetition of the same idea and in the same linguistic form may bore the audience and destroy the speaker-audience contact, therefore synonymic phrase repetition is used instead, thus filling up the speech with details and embellishing it, as in this excerpt from a speech on Robert Burns: For Burns exalted our race, he hallowed Scotland and the Scottish tongue.Before his time we had for a long period been scarcely recognized; we had been falling out of the recollection of the world. From the time of the Union of the Crowns, and still more from the legislative union, Scotland had lapsed into obscurity. Except for an occasional riot or a Jacobin rising, her existence was almost forgotten. Here synonymic phras e repetition (been scarcely recognized, falling out of the recollection f the world, had lapsed into obscurity, her existence was almost forgotten) is coupled with climax. 89 Repetition can be regarded as the most typical stylistic device of English oratorical style. Almost any piece of oratory will have parallel constructions, antithesis, suspense, climax, rhetorical questions and questions-in-the-narrative. It will be no exaggeration to say that almost all the typical syntactical stylistic devices can be found in English oratory. Questions are most frequent because they promote closer contact with the audience. The change of intonation breaks the monotony of the intonation pattern and revives the attention of the listeners.The desire of the speaker to convince and to rouse his audience results in the use of simile and metaphor, but these are generally traditional ones, as fresh and genuine stylistic devices may divert the attention of the listeners away from the main point of the speech. Besides, unexpected and original images are more difficult to grasp and the process takes time. If a genuine metaphor is used by an orator, it is usually a sustained one, as a series of related images is easier to grasp and facilitates the conception of facts identified one with another.Allusions in oratorical style depend on the content of the speech and the level of the audience. Special obligatory forms open up and end an oration, e. G. My Lords; Mr.. President; Mr. . Chairman; Your Worship; Ladies and Gentlemen, etc. At the end of his speech the speaker usually thanks the audience for their attention by saying: Thank you or Thank you very much. Expressions of direct address may be repeated in the course of the speech and can be expressed differently: dear friends, my friends, Mark you! , Mind!Here is a sample of the speech made by a member of the House of Commons in Parliament in April 956 when the problem of air pollution was discussed. It is an ordinary speech the audience. There has been a tremendous change in the Ministers attitude since the Bill was first brought to the House. When we embarked upon the Committee stage we were begging for bread and he gave us a stone. Now, seemingly, when we are coming to the end of the feast he is putting many sweets in front of us. The Minister hopes that we shall accept this proposal without too critical an examination.While welcoming the Ministers proposals about the Clean Air Council up to a point, here should be no interference with the councils accountability to Parliament because the chairman of the council will be the Minister. When the hon.. Member for Exterminated (Mr.. Onboard) introduced a Private Bill, the Minister consulted at great length with interested bodies, and particularly with local authorities. It is within my knowledge that during those consultations suggestions were made to him by people who had practical experience.. Those suggestions have not been accepted and woven into the Bill.I do not want the Clean Air Council to become a kind of onscreen behind which the Minister makes a report to his own liking and which may contain views at variance with those of members of the council. 290 It is essential, if the council is to be effective, that it includes people who are interested and who have the knowledge and who have undertaken the scientific- research involved. It must be remembered that they will have a great deal more knowledge of the subject than will the chairman of the council. They will, therefore, have a totally different point of view about what is happening in the country than will the Minister.We should provide that we have the uncompromising opinions of the members of the council, including those members appointed to it because of their knowledge of the problems of various localities. Another point with which I want to deal was touched upon by the hon.. Member for Exterminated. During the Committee stage we debated at great length the topic of research into noxious fumes, especially sulfuric oxides. We especially pleaded that the Clean Air Council should have co-ordination powers so that it could co-ordinate the activities of bodies conducting research into problems of oxides and noxious fumes. Indeed, we thought that the Ministers opinion upon that subject was the same as ours. As the Bill is now drafted, certain powers are given to local authorities to contribute towards the cost of investigation and research into the pollution of the air. We know that scientific and technical institutes and the fuel technology sections of some universities are conducting research into the problem of sulfuric pollution; yet we do not see any power given to the Clean Air Council to deal with the problem of sulfuric oxides, even though sulfuric pollution is one of the worst forms of air pollution.Will the Minister give us an assurance that he will specially direct the attention of the Clean Air Council to its duties in co-ordination research into the problem of sulfuric oxides? Will he at the same time look again at the problem of Parliamentary accountability to make it possible for the council to give an annual report to the House, irrespective of the opinions of the Minister? The ornamen tal elements in this speech are reduced to the minimum. It is a matter-of-fact speech where no high- flown words or elaborate stylistic devices are to be found.It will be of considerable interest to compare this speech to Borons Maiden Speech in the House of Lords in style. Byron used his eloquence against the Bill providing capital punishment for the destruction of machines. His purpose was to prevent the passage of the Bill, to get an impartial examination of the facts. Borons speech is rich in oratorical devices. All these devices are motivated, they are organically connected with the utterance: the form by no means dominates the content.In contradistinction, an examination of the following speech will show that it is practically devoid of meaning. The speaker is merely seeking an effect. 91 Mr.. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is indeed a great and undeserved privilege to address such an audience as I see before me. At no previous time in the history of human civilization have greater problems confronted and challenged the ingenuity of mans intellect than now. Let us look around us. What do we see on the horizon?What forces are at work? Whither are we drifting? Under what mist of clouds does the future stand obscured? My friends, casting aside the raiment of all human speech, the crucial test for the solution of all these intricate problems to which I have Just alluded is the sheer and reoccur application of those immutable laws which down the corridor of Time have always guided the hand of man, groping, as it were, for some faint beacon light for his hopes and aspirations.Without these great vital principles we are but puppets responding to whim and fancy, failing entirely to grasp the hidden meaning of it all. We must re-address ourselves to these questions which press for answer and solution. The issues cannot be avoided. There they stand. It is upon you, and you, and yet even upon me, that the yoke of responsibility falls. What, then, is our duty? Shall e continue to drift? No! With all the emphasis of my being I hurl back the message No! Drifting must stop.We must press onward and upward toward the ultimate goal to which all must aspire. But I cannot conclude my remarks, dear friends, without touching briefly upon a subject which I know is steeped in your very consciousness. I refer to that spirit which gleams from the eyes of a new-born babe, that animates the toiling masses, that sways all the hosts of humanity past and present. Without this energize principle all commerce, trade and industry are hushed and will perish room this earth as surely as the crimson sunset follows the golden sunshine. Mark you, I do not seek to unduly alarm or distress the mothers, fathers, sons and daughters gathered before me in this vast assemblage, but I would indeed be recreant too high resolve which I made as a youth if I did not at this time and in this place, and with the full realizing sense of responsibility which I assume, publicly declare and affirm my dedication and my consecration to the eternal principles and receipts of simple, ordinary, commonplace Justice. 1 The proper evaluation of this speech should be: Words, words, words. The whole speech is made to hide the fact that the speaker has no thought.Questions remain unanswered, climaxes are not motivated. What is the subject that cannot be left untouched? This is really a masterpiece of eloquent emptiness and verbosity. 1 The example is borrowed from Altair, R. D. Preface to Critical Reading. Holt, N. Y. , 1956, up. Vile-?veal. 292 As a separate form of English literature the essay dates from the close of the 16th century. The name appears to have become common on the publication of Montages Essays, a literary form created by this French writer. The essay is a dietary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects.It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface. Personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression are two of the most obvious characteristics of the essay. An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter. This literary genre has definite linguistic traits which shape it as a variety of publicist style. Here is a part of an essay by Ben Johnson which illustrates this style n its most typical and original form as it was at the end of the 16th century: Language most shows a man; speak, that I may see thee.It springs out of the most retired and inmost parts of us, and is the image of the parent of it, the mind. No glass renders a mans form or likeness so true, as his speech. Nay, it is likened to a man; and as we consider feature and composition in a man, so words in language; in the greatness, aptness, sound, structure, and harmony of it. Some men are tall and big, so some language is high and great. Then the words are chosen, the sound ample, he composition full, the absolution plenteous, and poured out, all grace, sinewy and strong.Some are little and dwarfs; so of speech, it is humble and low; the words are poor and flat; the members are periods thin and weak, without knitting or number. The middle are of Just stature. There the language is plain and pleasing: even without stopping, round without swelling; all well turned, composed, eloquent, and accurate. The vicious language is vast and gaping; swelling and irregular; when it contends, high, full of rock, mountain and pointlessness; as it affects to be low it is abject and creeps, full of bogs and holes. The essay was very popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 17th century essays were written on topics connected with morals and ethics, while those of the 18th century focused attention on political and philosophical problems. The 18th century was the great age of essay writing. It was then the principal literary form, and discoursed on the important subjects of the day, often criticizing the shortcomings of the political and social system in England. Encyclopedia Britannica states that the essay became a dominant force in English literature of the 18th century.The following statement of an 18th century essayist is of some interest as it describes the character of the essay: We writers of essays or (as they are termed) periodical papers. .. This statement shows that periodical papers at that time contained only essays. In the 19th century the essay as a literary term gradually changed into what we now call the Journalistic article or feature article which 293 covers all kinds of subjects from politics, philosophy or aesthetics to travel, sport and fashions. Feature articles are generally published in newspapers, especially weeklies and Sunday editions.They are often written by one and the same writer or Journalist, who has cultivated his own individual style. The most characteristic language writers a degree of pessimistically, 2) the use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated, 3) a rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas, 4) the abundant use of emotive words, 5) the use of similes and sustained metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process. It is in the interrelation of these constituents that the real secret of the essay subtle consists. Some essays, depending on the writers individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose, others resemble scientific prose, and the terms review, memoir or treatise are more applicable to certain more exhaustive studies. 1 The essay on moral and philosophical topics in modern times has not been so popular, perhaps because a deeper scientific analysis and interpretation of facts is required.The essay in our days is often biographical; persons, facts and events are taken from life. These essays differ from those of previous centuries -? their scapulars is simpler and so is their logical structure and argumentation. But they still retain all the leading features of the publicist style. In comparison with oratorical style, the essay aims at a more lasting, hence, at a slower effect. Epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms are comparatively rare in oratory, as they require the concentrated attention of the listener.In the essay they are commoner, for the reader has opportunity to make a careful and detailed study both of the content of the utterance and its form. The close resemblance in structure between the essay and he oration has more than once been emphasized by linguists. The main difference between them is very well summarized by H. Robbins and R. Oliver in their work Developing ideas into Essays and Speeches. . .. An essay is distinguished from a speech primarily . By the fact that the essay seeks a lasting, the speech an immediate effect.Words of emotive meaning, for example, are few, if any, in popular scientific articles. Their exposition is more consistent and the system of connectives more expanded than, say, in a satirical article. The language of political magazine articles differs little from that of newspaper articles as described in the chapter on Newspaper Style (see low). But such elements of publicist style as rare and bookish words, neologisms (which sometimes require explanation in the text), traditional, word-combinations and parenthesis are more frequent here than in newspaper articles.In an article dealing with what were forthcoming presidential elections in the USA, which it is impossible to quote here because of its length, we find such bookish and highbrows words as ambivalent, exhilarated, appalled, etc. Its argumentation and emotional appeal is achieved by emphatic constructions of different kinds: how dim the outlook or victory was, Stevenson is anything but an irresponsible man, it could well have been, though. He is at once exhilarated and appalled, Humorous effect is produced by the use of words and phrases which normally are out of the range of this sort of article: melancholy, graciously, extending his best wishes, and by periphrases. Literary reviews stand closer to essays both by their content and by their linguistic form. More abs tract words of logical meaning are used in them, they often resort to emotional language and less frequently to traditional set expressions. Publicistic Style free essay sample The publicistic style of language became discernible as a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. It also falls into three varieties, each having its own distinctive features. Unlike other styles, the publicistic style has a spoken variety, namely, the oratorical substyle. The development of radio and television has brought into being another new spoken variety, namely, the radio and TV Ã' Ã ¾mmentary. The other two substyles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic) in newspapers, journals and magazines. Book reviews in journals, newspapers and magazines and also pamphlets are generally included among essays. The general aim of publicistic style, which makes it stand out as a separate style, is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article not merely through logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Publicistic Style or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This brain-washing function is most effective in oratory, for here the most powerful instrument of persuasion, the human voice, is brought into play. Due to its characteristic combination of logical argumentation and emotional appeal, publicistic style has features in common with the style of scientific prose, on the one hand, and that of emotive prose, on the other. Its coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and its careful paragraphing, makes it similar to scientific prose. Its emotional appeal is generally achieved by the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices as in emotive prose; but the stylistic devices used in publicistic style are not fresh, or genuine. The individual element essential to the belles-lettres style is, as a rule, little in evidence here. This is in keeping with the general character of the style. The manner of presenting ideas, however, brings this style closer to that of belles-lettres, in this case to emotive prose, as it is to a certain extent individual. Naturally, of course, essays and speeches have greater individuality than newspaper or magazine articles where the individual element is generally toned down and limited by the requirements of the style. 287 Further, publicistic style is characterized by brevity of expression. In some varieties of this style it becomes a leading feature, an important linguistic means. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic. 1. ORATORY AND SPEECHES The oratorical style of language is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. It has already been pointed out that persuasion is the most obvious purpose of oratory. Oratorical speech, writes A. Potebnya, seeks not only to secure the understanding and. digesting of the idea, but also serves simultaneously as a spring setting off a mood (which is the aim) that may lead to action. 1 Direct contact with the listeners permits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language . In its leading features, however, oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honourable member(s), the use of the 2nd person pronoun you, etc. ), sometimes contractions (Ill, wont, havent, isnt and others) and the use of colloquial words. This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions, as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law. Political speeches fall into two categories: parliamentary debates, and speeches, at rallies, congresses, meetings and election campaigns. Sermons deal mostly with religious subjects, ethics and morality; sometimes nowadays they take up social and political problems as well. Orations on solemn public occasions are typical specimens of this style and not a few of their word sequences and phrases are ready-made phrases or cliches. The sphere of application of oratory is confined to an appeal to an audience and therefore crucial issues in such spheres as science, art, literature, or business relations are not touched upon except perhaps by allusion. If such problems are dealt with in oratorical style the effect is humorous. The following extract from Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club by Charles Dickens is a parody of an oration. — But I trust, Sir, said Pott, that I have never abused the enormous power I wield. I trust, Sir, that I have never pointed the noble instrument which is placed in my hands, against the sacred bosom of private life, of the tender breast of individual reputation;— I trust, Sir, that I have devoted my energies to—to endeavours—humble they may be, humble I know they are—to instil those principles of—which—are—. ________ 1 — Here the editor of the Eatonswill Gazette appearing to ramble, Mr. Pickwick came to his relief, and said—Certainly. — The stylistic devices employed in oratorical style- are determined by the conditions of communication. If the desire of the speaker is to rouse the audience and to keep it in suspense, he will use various traditional stylistic devices. But undue prominence given to the form may lead to an exaggerated use of these devices, to embellishment. Tradition is very powerful in oratorical style and the 16th century rhetorical principles laid down by Thomas Wilson in his Arte of Rhetorique are sometimes still used in modern oratory, though, on the whole, modern oratory tends to lower its key more and more, confining itself to a quiet business-like exposition of ideas. Stylistic devices are closely interwoven and mutually complementary thus building up an intricate pattern. For example, antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are accompaniÐ µd by rÐ µpetition, while climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds. As the audience rely only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetitions to enable his listeners to follow him and retain the main points of his speech. Repetition is also resorted to in order to convince the audience, to add weight to the speakers opinion. The following extract from the speech of the American Confederate general, A. P. Hill, on the ending of the Civil War in the U. S. A. is an example of anaphoric repetition: It is high time this people had recovered from the passions of war. It is high time that counsel were taken from statesmen, not demagogues It is high time the people of the North and the South understood each other and adopted means to inspire confidence in each other Further, anadiplosis is used: The South will not secede again. That was her great folly-folly against her own interest, not wrong against you. A mere repetition of the same idea and in the same linguistic form may bore the audience and destroy the speaker-audience contact, therefore synonymic phrase repetition is used instead, thus filling up the speech with details and embellishing it, as in this excerpt from a speech on Robert Burns: For Burns exalted our race, he hallowed Scotland and the Scottish tongue. Before his time we had for a long period been scarcely recognized; we had been falling out of the recollection of the world. From the time of the Union of the Crowns, and still more from the legislative union, Scotland had lapsed into obscurity. Except for an occasional riot or a Jacobite rising, her existence was almost forgotten. Here synonymic phrase repetition (been scarcely recognized, falling out of the recollection of the world, had lapsed into obscurity, her existence was almost forgotten) is coupled with climax. 289 Repetition can be regarded as the most typical stylistic device of English oratorical style. Almost any piece of oratory will have parallel constructions, antithesis, suspense, climax, rhetorical questions and questions-in-the-narrative. It will be no exaggeration to say that almost all the typical syntactical stylistic devices can be found in English oratory. Questions are most frequent because they promote closer contact with the audience. The change of intonation breaks the monotony of the intonation pattern and revives the attention of the listeners. The desire of the speaker to convince and to rouse his audience results in the use of simile and metaphor, but these are generally traditional ones, as fresh and genuine stylistic devices may divert the attention of the listeners away from the main point of the speech. Besides, unexpected and original images are more difficult to grasp and the process takes time. If a genuine metaphor is used by an orator, it is usually a sustained one, as a series of related images is easier to grasp and facilitates the conception of facts identified one with another. Allusions in oratorical style depend on the content of the speech and the level of the audience. Special obligatory forms open up and end an oration, e. g. My Lords; Mr. President; Mr. Chairman; Your Worship; Ladies and Gentlemen, etc. At the end of his speech the speaker usually thanks the audience for their attention by saying: Thank you or Thank you very much. Expressions of direct address may be repeated in the course of the speech and can be expressed differently: dear friends, my friends, Mark you! , Mind! Here is a sample of the speech made by a member of the House of Commons in Parliament in April 1956 when the problem of air pollution was discussed. It is an ordinary speech almost devoid of any signs of elevation so typical when the orator tries to convince the audience. There has been a tremendous change in the Ministers attitude since the Bill was first brought to the House. When we embarked upon the Committee stage we were begging for bread and he gave us a stone. Now, seemingly, when we are coming to the end of the feast he is putting many sweets in front of us. The Minister hopes that we shall accept this proposal without too critical an examination. While welcoming the Ministers proposals about the C lean Air Council up to a point, there should be no interference with the council’s accountability to Parliament because the chairman of the council will be the Minister. When the hon. Member for Kidderminster (Mr. Nabarro) introduced a Private Bill, the Minister consulted at great length with interested bodies, and particularly with local authorities. It is within my knowledge that during those consultations suggestions were made to him by people who had practical experience. . Those suggestions have not been accepted and woven into the Bill. I do not want the Clean Air Council to become a kind of smokescreen behind which the Minister makes a report to his own liking and which may contain views at variance with those of members of the council. 290 It is essential, if the council is to be effective, that it includes people who are interested and who have the knowledge and who have undertaken the scientific-research involved. It must be remembered that they will have a great deal more knowledge of the subject than will the chairman of the council. They will, therefore, have a totally different point of view about what is happening in the country than will the Minister. We should provide that we have the uncompromising opinions of the members of the council, including those members appointed to it because of their knowledge of the roblems of various localities. Another point with which I want to deal was touched upon by the hon. Member for Kidderminster. During the Committee stage we debated at great length the topic of research into noxious fumes, especially sulphuric oxides. We especially pleaded that the Clean Air Council should have co-ordinating powers so that it could co-ordinate the activities of bodies conducting research into problems of oxides and noxious fumes. Indeed, we thought that the Ministers opinion upon that subject was the same as ours. As the Bill is now drafted, certain powers are given to local authorities to contribute towards the cost of investigation and research into the pollution of the air. We know that scientific and technical institutes and the fuel technology sections of some universities are conducting research into the problem of sulphuric pollution; yet we do not see any power given to the Clean Air Council to deal with the problem of sulphuric oxides, even though sulphuric pollution is one of the worst forms of air pollution. Will the Minister give us an assurance that he will specially direct the attention of the Clean Air Council to its duties in co-ordinating research into the problem of sulphuric oxides? Will he at the same time look again at the problem of Parliamentary accountability to make it possible for the council to give an annual report to the House, irrespective of the opinions of the Minister? The ornamental elements in this speech are reduced to the minimum. It is a matter-of-fact speech where no high-flown words or elaborate stylistic devices are to be found. It will be of considerable interest to compare this speech to Byrons Maiden Speech in the House of Lords in defence of the Luddites, which can be regarded as a perfect specimen of oratorical style. Byron used his eloquence against the Bill providing capital punishment for the destruction of machines. His purpose was to prevent the passage of the Bill, to get an impartial examination of the facts. Byrons speech is rich in oratorical devices. All these devices are motivated, they are organically connected with the utterance: the form by no means dominates the content. In contradistinction, an examination of the following speech will show that it is practically devoid of meaning. The speaker is merely seeking an effect. 291 Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: It is indeed a great and undeserved privilege to address such an audience as I see before me. At no previous time in the history of human civilization have greater problems confronted and challenged the ingenuity of mans intellect than now. Let us look around us. What do we see on the horizon? What forces are at work? Whither are we drifting? Under what mist of clouds does the future stand obscured? My friends, casting aside the raiment of all human speech, the crucial test for the solution of all these intricate problems to which I have just alluded is the sheer and forceful application of those immutable laws which down the corridor of Time have always guided the hand of man, groping, as it were, for some faint beacon light for his hopes and aspirations. Without these great vital principles we are but puppets responding to whim and fancy, failing entirely to grasp the hidden meaning of it all. We must re-address ourselves to these questions which press for answer and solution. The issues cannot be avoided. There they stand. It is upon you, and you, and yet even upon me, that the yoke of responsibility falls. What, then, is our duty? Shall we continue to drift? No! With all the emphasis of my being I hurl back the message No! Drifting must stop. We must press onward and upward toward the ultimate goal to which all must aspire. But I cannot conclude my remarks, dear friends, without touching briefly upon a subject which I know is steeped in your very consciousness. I refer to that spirit which gleams from the eyes of a new-born babe, that animates the toiling masses, that sways all the hosts of humanity past and present. Without this energizing principle all commerce, trade and industry are hushed and will perish from this earth as surely as the crimson sunset follows the golden sunshine. Mark you, I do not seek to unduly alarm or distress the mothers, fathers, sons and daughters gathered before me in this vast assemblage, but I would indeed be recreant to a high resolve which I made as a youth if I did not at this time and in this place, and with the full realizing sense of responsibility which I assume, publicly declare and affirm my dedication and my consecration to the eternal principles and receipts of simple, ordinary, commonplace justice. 1 The proper evaluation of this speech should be. The name appears to have become common on the publication of Montaignes Essays, a literary form created by this French writer. The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects. It never goes deep into the subject, but merely touches upon the surface. Personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression are two of the most obvious characteristics of the essay. An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter. This literary genre has definite linguistic traits which shape it as a variety of publicistic style. Here is a part of an essay by Ben Jonson which illustrates this style in its most typical and original form as it was at the end of the 16th century: Language most shows a man; speak, that I may see thee. It springs out of the most retired and inmost parts of us, and is the image of the parent of it, the mind. No glass renders a mans form or likeness so true, as his speech. Nay, it is likened to a man; and as we consider feature and composition in a man, so words in language; in the greatness, aptness, sound, structure, and harmony of it. Some men are tall and big, so some language is high and great. Then the words are chosen, the sound ample, the composition full, the absolution plenteous, and poured out, all grace, sinewy and strong. Some are little and dwarfs; so of speech, it is humble and low; the words are poor and flat; the members are periods thin and weak, without knitting or number. The middle are of just stature. There the language is plain and pleasing: even without stopping, round without swelling; all well turned, composed, eloquent, and accurate. The vicious language is vast and gaping; swelling and irregular; when it contends, high, full of rock, mountain and pointedness; as it affects to be low it is abject and creeps, full of bogs and holes. The essay was very popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 17th century essays were written on topics connected with morals and ethics, while those of the 18th century focussed attention on political and philosophical problems. The 18th century was the great age of essay writing. It was then the principal literary form, and discoursed on the important subjects of the day, often criticizing the shortcomings of the political and social system in England. Encyclopedia Britannica states that the essay became a dominant force in English literature of the 18th century. The following statement of an 18th century essayist is of some interest as it describes the character of the essay: We writers of essays or (as they are termed) periodical papers This statement shows that periodical papers at that time contained only essays. In the 19th century the essay as a literary term gradually changed into what we now call the journalistic article or feature article which 293 covers all kinds of subjects from politics, philosophy or aesthetics to travel, sport and fashions. Feature articles are generally published in newspapers, especially weeklies and Sunday editions. They are often written by one and the same writer or journalist, who has cultivated his own individual style. The most characteristic language features of the essay, however, remain 1) brevity of expression, reaching in good writers a degree of epigrammaticalness, 2) the use of the first person singular, which justifies a personal approach to the problems treated, 3) a rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas, 4) the abundant use of emotive words, 5) the use of similes and sustained metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process. It is in the interrelation of these constituents that the real secret of the essay substyle consists. Some essays, depending on the writers individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose, others resemble scientific prose, and the terms review, memÐ ¾ir or treatise are more applicable to certain more exhaustive studies. 1 The essay on moral and philosophical topics in modern times has not been so popular, perhaps because a deeper scientific analysis and interpretation of facts is required. The essay in our days is often biographical; persons, facts and events are taken from life. These essays differ from those of previous enturies — their vocabulary is simpler and so is their logical structure and argumentation. But they still retain all the leading features of the publicistic style. In comparison with oratorical style, the essay aims at a more lasting, hence, at a slower effect. Epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms are comparatively rare in oratory, as they require the concentrated attention of the listener. In the essay they are co mmoner, for the reader has opportunity to make a careful and detailed study both of the content of the utterance and its form.

The Impact of Audience Fragmentation on Public Service Broadcasting

The Impact of Audience Fragmentation on Public Service Broadcasting Introduction Over the past few decades, media audiences have experienced fragmentation in many countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Australia partly because of increase in media choices. Audience fragmentation and media polarization are common in today’s generation dominated by technology and the new media.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Audience Fragmentation on Public Service Broadcasting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Audience fragmentation is caused by media proliferation, which makes the broadcast opportunities more diverse posing a challenge to media providers and advertisers. The media proliferation means that the media content, once a preserve of specific outlets such as public broadcasters, is now available in all platforms, which results to a more participatory and fragmented audience. While this may be good for democratic development, it presents major challe nges that affect mainstream media financially (Benkler 32). Society and audiences in many countries are changing in line with the developments in media technology, the new media, and the internet. In Australia, the audience is increasingly becoming fragmented particularly with regard to television viewing. In 2009, about 84% of all Australian households were audience of free-t-air TV, which, however, was shared with three other major stations (FreeTV 12). Audience fragmentation in Australia has arisen due to increase in the number of commercial channels. By the end of 2010, the number of free-to-air channels grew sharply with the licensing of six additional government-sponsored and commercial television channels further contributing to audience fragmentation (FreeTV 9). Public broadcasters have responded quite positively to the changing media environment. Radio stations, television networks and other content providers have rapidly shifted their services to involve the internet. At t he same time, public broadcasting has adopted more personalized services and products to meet the diverse needs of the consumer in a fragmented society (Murdock 54). Despite the stiff competition occasioned by media proliferation, public broadcasting is best suited in delivering and receiving content that informs, entertains, and educates a fragmented society through the new media and the internet in line with its original mission and therefore public broadcasting is still necessary even in the face of audience fragmentation and proliferation of media outlets.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Principles of Public Broadcasting The commercial broadcasters often offer programs that propagate their commercial interests. In contrast, public broadcasters’ mission is to offer a balanced programming that focuses on public and governance affairs while being politica lly neutral and non-commercial (Tomaselli 31). However, with the recent advancements in technology and the emergence of the new media, which has led to audience fragmentation, public broadcasters appear to compromise their initial mission. Among the principles of public broadcasting is its quest to be universally accessible and have a universal appeal (Tomaselli 34). By integrating technology like digital Audio broadcasting (DAB) into public broadcasting, public broadcasters have been able to increase their reach in most countries. In Australia, DAB digital radio is broadcasted in five major metropolitan areas with the community radio sector shifting to digital broadcasting to increase accessibility (Free TV 12). Public service broadcasting should be available to everyone regardless of his or her geographical location. In Australia, a digital community radio was launched on May 2011, to offer a broad range of digital content and increase accessibility of public broadcasting (CBAA). Unlike commercial broadcasting, which is governed by commercial and advertising interests, public service broadcasting plays a crucial role in dissemination of unbiased information to the public. It offers a forum for public debate on issues affecting the people, which enable people to make informed choices. In this way, public service broadcasting allows people to express their opinions on contentious issues and in the process fosters cohesion in the society. Public broadcasting also empowers citizens owing to its programs that cover governance and political issues (Tomaselli 39). This phenomenon enhances the quality of life of individuals and social groups can participate in issues affecting their economic and social lives. Public broadcasting, therefore, offers actual and unbiased information, which promotes free opinion formation as compared to other commercial broadcasters and this trend makes public broadcasting necessary in the society even in the wake of audience fragmentati on and media proliferation. Public service broadcasting also takes into account the interests of the minority within the society with an intention of promoting social cohesion. The central issue, however, is whether public broadcasting can be detached from government interests given its source of funding.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Audience Fragmentation on Public Service Broadcasting specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public broadcasters are expected to exercise independence from political interference or commercial interests. However, absolute independence is often difficult in practice. In addition, the public broadcasters need to emphasize on quality programming instead of multi-channeling, which is common in commercial broadcasting to support the programs. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) increased the number of channels, which has affected the quality of its programming and stretc hed its resources (Frangopoulos Para. 2). Public Broadcasting and the New Digital technologies The technological developments have made it easier for both the media providers and the users to move across the media platforms. Digital technologies have led to the new media commonly referred to as â€Å"social media†, which also has contributed to audience fragmentation. These include social networks like Face book, video sharing media such as You Tube and search engines such as Google and iTunes (Webster 371). The social media, unlike the traditional media, aim at increasing their popularity and in the process attract more audience. To achieve popularity, many of the social media compete for audience by offering attractive user-friendly options to attract the attention of the users. Unfortunately, the attention of the public is limited and scarce. The focus of the new media is to catch the attention of the audience as the prerequisite for attaining their social and economic obj ectives (Davenport and Beck 65) and this has led to the proliferation of the social media further contributing to audience fragmentation. However, integration of public broadcasting and social media allows the public to debate on national issues more effectively. The media users also contribute to audience fragmentation as they usually choose the media products they prefer. The user preferences are reflective of their attitudes, their needs, or tastes. The audience can opt to remain loyal to a particular genre provided by a given media or sample a diverse range of media genres. Users preferring a particular genre especially with regard to news lead to a highly focused audience known as â€Å"gated communities† or â€Å"enclaves†, which lead to audience fragmentation (Iyengar and Hahn 112). The users are expected to understand the media environment in which they operate.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the proliferation of the media outlets especially the digital media makes perfect understanding of the digital marketplace almost impossible. In addition, the diversity of the media products makes informed user choice difficult. Users cannot even be sure of which brand would provide the desired gratification and therefore have to sample different media outlets. Public broadcasting offers better means through which the public perceives and addresses public affairs through digital technology and the new media forms, partly because public broadcasting, owing to its focus on public affairs, enjoys a higher level of public trust than the commercial broadcasting. In addition, public broadcasting focuses on universal accessibility and therefore, the new technologies offer a platform to increase its reach in line with its mission. Forms of Media Fragmentation The proliferation of media outlets like channels and websites or media products as music or movies play a significant role i n audience fragmentation termed media-centric fragmentation. Under media-centric fragmentation, the media providers are arranged from the most popular to the least popular using data derived from monthly visitors or total sales reached in a month conducted by independent providers (Anderson 54). In media-centric fragmentation, the audiences are spread across many media outlets. In Australia, rationalization of the audience is high and continues to increase because of restrictions that prevent multi-channeling. By 2009, free-to-air TV (FTA) had an estimated audience of 84%, which it shared with three other commercial TV stations (FreeTV 16). In 2011, three national TV channels, three more channels that are commercial and Pay TV have entered the market. However, government restrictions prevent multi-channeling involving FTA broadcasting (FreeTV 13). This has contributed to audience fragmentation as users and advertisers migrate to other media including the new media. Despite the conti nued fragmentation of the audience, public broadcasting remains a reliable means of promoting social cohesion while promoting diversity of culture. The public broadcasting works is even more useful in a fragmented society as the individual needs of social groups and community public service broadcasters address minorities more effectively. Fragmentation at micro-level involves the distribution of each individual’s use of media across many providers. People become specialized in their patterns of media use by becoming concentrating on a certain class of media products or media outlets that deliver the desired services. In addition, under the micro-level fragmentation, the characteristics of the audience e.g. age or gender is common. The audience relies on subsets of the available media, at a micro-level, on a daily basis to obtain relevant information in the complex media environment. The public broadcasters through its range of educative and informative programs can attract a ll different segments of audience as they discuss political, economic, and social issues affecting their lives. Another form of audience fragmentation relies on a macro-level way of perceiving audiences based on the media they use. This approach can identify the audience for a particular media outlet and by doing so; it is easier to determine how the public attention is spread across the media environment. The macro-level fragmentation can evaluate channel loyalty and audience flows within the media environment (Napoli 67). According to Webster, analysis of the media environment which indicates that users do not spend a lot of time in gated communities but rather sample a variety of media products to satisfy their needs (378). The Future of Audience Fragmentation In spite of audience fragmentation caused by interactions between media providers and users, public broadcasting remains an important source of media products. According to Webster, most media users do not spend much time i n niches or gated communities nor does typical users consume particular media products only, rather most of them range widely across the media outlets as they search desired media products (381). The audiences may appear highly fragmented but they do not stay long within the niches or gated communities. Majority of the users have rather varied media repertoires, which are specialized subsets of media that provide desired media products at particular times. This implies that the micro-level and macro-level fragmentation have no much impact on the consumption patterns of the audience. In fact, the public prefers to associate and debate public affairs. The public broadcasting offers an ideal platform for citizens to be informed on national issues and contributes to national development. Moreover, despite relying on different media repertoires, users can still get the same products and the traditional media remains a preferred source of quality media content. The popularity of the media providers is fundamental to the future distribution of audiences across the media environment. Anderson beliefs that the many media offerings or choices offered would contribute to audience fragmentation in the future (181). Frank and Cook, on the other hand expect that high concentration of the audiences will continue to be experienced in the digital media as compared to other forms of media (56). Moreover, in the digital media, because of differential quality of the digital media products, there will be less audience fragmentation. Due to the diversity of the digital media products and the social nature of the digital media, it is likely that the digital media will become more popular than the traditional media. Audience fragmentation is not likely to be high in digital media as the quality of media products is not normally uniform. Assuming the prices are fairly the same, the audience choices would gravitate towards the digital media that offers high quality choices. As Caves no tes, most content providers and the users alike tend to prefer high quality media products if they can afford them (33). Digital media provides a platform for providers and the users to access high quality services on demand, which effectively reduces the available choices and concentrates the audiences around the best media options thus reducing audience fragmentation. The social nature of the digital media consumption makes digital media more desirable. Through social media networks like Facebook, You Tube, and Twitter among others, few programs, or sports events contribute to live audience debates on various topics, which the public broadcasting service can use to propagate its mission. The social networks also allow simultaneous media use especially alongside television viewing. Twitter and Facebook allow conversations on a virtual space, which concentrates the audience on these networks as they discuss topics they find noteworthy. Since the digital media products are more diver se, the users rely on recommendation systems that guide their consumption. While the media recommendation systems may vary across the media environment, they are mostly directed at promoting the popular media products or media outlets relying on the information on what other have chosen (Webster 389). Nevertheless, the digital products, the media outlets, or their content only varies slightly. The major concern about audience fragmentation is its economic impact on advertising as companies find it difficult to reach the intended market due to audience fragmentation. Contrary to these concerns, fragmentation, and the large number of media channels actually allows practitioners to reach a large number of audiences and can even provide access to additional audience. In order to maximize reach, advertising should be carried out across multiple media channels (Ephron 19). A study conducted by Newstead to establish the strategies of maximizing reach to the Australian market, found out tha t, extending the media coverage coupled by distribution over a wide range of media during advertising increases reach efficiency of between 2-46% (Newstead 76). Despite the proliferation of media outlets, the media outlets offer more or less similar content, which makes public broadcasting even more reliable as a source of information. Conclusion It is evident that the proliferation of commercial media outlets has influenced public broadcasting in many ways. However, public broadcasting in many countries remains the appropriate means of promoting public interaction. Due to competition from commercial broadcasters, public broadcasting has adopted different broadcasting methods involving introduction of diverse programs tailored for specific social groups, more interactive programs that make use of the new media, and introduction of appealing media content. In addition, public broadcasting has made use of digital technologies to promote accessibility in line with its mandate. All this has translated to public broadcasting playing an important role particularly with regard to promoting social cohesion. In conclusion, public broadcasting is still necessary even in the wake of recent proliferation of media outlets and audience fragmentation. Anderson, Craig. Free: The future of a radical price. New York: Hyperion, 2009. Benkler, Yunus. The wealth of networks: How social production transforms  Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 2006. Caves, Richard. Switching channels: Organization and change in TV broadcasting.  Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Community Broadcasting of Australia (CBAA). â€Å"Sidney Community Radio Digital Launch†. 2011. 3/6/2011. Web. Davenport, Tim, and Beck, Julie. The attention economy: Understanding the new  Currency of business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2001. Ephron, Eric. â€Å"More Weeks, Less Weight: The Shelf-Space Model of Advertising.†Ã‚  Journal of Advertisin g Research 23.1 (1995): 18-23. Frangopoulos, Angie. ABCs purpose lost in 24-hr transmission, 2010. Web. Frank, Rodger, and Cook, Peter. The winner-take-all society: Why the few at the  Top get so much more than the rest of us. New York: Penguin, 1995. FreeTV. Industry Report: 2009 Year in Review. FreeTV Australia. 2010:9-16. Iyengar, Steve, and Hahn, Kim. â€Å"Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological Selectivity in media use.† Journal of Communication 59.1 (2009):110-115. Murdock, Grace. Citizens, consumers, and public culture. London: Routledge, 1992: Napoli, Peter. Audience evolution: New technologies and the transformation of media  Audiences. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011. Newstead, Kim. Best-practice media scheduling a practical application. Adelaide: University of South Australia. 2010. Tomaselli, Robin. â€Å"Public Service Broadcasting in the Age of Information Capitalism.†Ã‚  Communicare 8.2 (1989): 27-41. Webster, Gordon. â€Å"Beneath the veneer of fragmentation: Television audience Polarization in a multichannel world.† Journal of Communication 55.2 (2005): 366-389.