Anti-viral and Anti-cancer Effect of Sea Cucumber Extracts

Anti-viral and Anti- rousecer Effect of ocean Cucumber ExtractsThe Anti-viral and Anti- crabmeat center of secondary metabolite pull ins from sea cuke (Holothuria leucospilota) in vitroAbstractocean cuke is employ as regimen purposes and traditional medicine in Asia and nerve center East society. In this scientific study we try to examine antiviral issue of organic extracts, obtained from sea cuke Holothuria leucospilota species against HIV-1. For this reason, sea cuke collected from 10-30 meters depths, most Larak Island. In order to extract, were used from wood spirit and diethyl divinyl ethoxyethane terminations. All obtained extracts turn by rotary evaporator in 40 C and then changed to lyophilise powder by vacuum freeze dryer. after(prenominal) that, potential antiviral issuance of each extracts on HIV-1 was investigated. The results of this experiments showed that each(prenominal) extracts in some assimilations were fitting to inhibit the replication of HIV-1. IC50 for their was variable surrounded by 5.03 1.90 g/ml until 337.60 1.34 g/ml . but cytotoxic effect of only extracts in armament cubiclephone were to a fault many and CC50 for their was variable between 5.11 1.89 g/ml until 56.27 1.54 g/ml. results shown detail aether dead body protect extract yield highest antiviral effect and also it was relatively less(prenominal) cytotoxic effect. 2.79 TI for this extract was shown, it has potential to inhibit HIV-1 after line and extract effective substances.For survey anti-cancer probably effect have used XTT examine. The results of this experiment showed, all disparate extracts could be able to prevent valet de chambre carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) in some concentration. But also, they had strong cytotoxic effect on normal cell line (HEK293T). Totaly between all different extracts, body debate diethyl ether extract had less cytotoxic effect on normal cells and with 2.46 TI major power, showed rather antica ncer activitythan some new(prenominal) extract. portalIn recent years, many bioactive compounds identify and derived from various oceanic organisms. Searches for endanger new metabolites led to isolated 10,000 new combination from marine animals. umpteen of these compounds argon related to medicine and pharmacy. This compounds and natural products have been source of materials that have medicine effects (Faulkner, 1996). These bioactive compounds isolated from various marine organisms, including Corals, crabs, seaweeds, Echinoderms, fishes, sponges and etc.Sea cucumbers belong to the phylum Echinodermata, pisseding that, they ar spiny-skinned, under the class Holothuridea. They atomic upshot 18 run aground throughout the nearshore coral reef environment and argon also build in the deepest parts of the ocean. Sea cucumbers play an important role in reef recycling, gathering organic detritus and bacteria from the water or sand for food. These particles are digested by the animals in order to extract nutrients, a process that helps turn over sediments to maintain an environment that supports other marine life. Other animals, including fish, crustaceans, and molluscs, eat sea cucumber eggs, larvae and juveniles making them an important section of the food web. many another(prenominal) species eject Cuvierian tubules when threatened. These are very sticky and can be toxic or irritating to predators. They are a respective(a) group of flexible, elongated, worm-like organ- isms, with a leathery skin and gelatinous body, resembling cucumber (Bordbar, Anwar, Saari, 2011)Sea cucumbers are one of the marine animals which are important as gay food source, particularly in some parts of Asia . Sea cucumbers, informally named as bche-de-mer, or gamat, have long been used for food and folk medicine in the communities of Asia and Middle East.In Holothuria leucospilota put up specimens have reddish-purple until black and their color is converted to brownish-pi nk in alcohol. they have rounded body and their abdomen is a little flat. The body wall of the sea cucumber lacks the rigidity found in other echinoderms be progress to the calcareous plates (ossicles) that appease the skeletal system are very small and widely isolated. These ossicles are secreted by special cells called sclerocytes and are embedded in the outer layers of the skin. Ossicles are species-specific in structure and complexity, and can be used to identify species ( Lambert., 2005).Many bioactive compounds have been reported from different species of sea cucumber. A number of these compounds receive biological activity (Bryan et al., 1992 Villasin and Pomory, 2000) Some of sea cucumber species in Malaysia water are being used in traditional medicine to deal wound, eczema, arthritis or hypertension (Farouk et al., 2007). Sea cucumbers have been well recognized as a tonic and traditional remedy in Chinese and Malaysian literature for their effectiveness against hyperten sion, asthma, rheumatism, compacts and burns, impotence and constipation 1823. Several unique biological and pharmacological activities namely anti-angiogenic 24, anticancer 25, anticoagulant 26,27, anti-hypertension 28, anti-inflammatory 2931, antimicrobial 32,33, antioxidant 34, antithrombotic 35,36, antitumor 37,38, and wound healing 39 have been ascribed to chemical compounds extracted from different sea cucumber species (Bordbar et al., 2011).These medicinal benefits and health functions of sea cucumbers can be attributed to the presence of appreciable amounts of bioactive compounds, especially the triterpene glycosides (saponins) 4042, chondroitin sulfates 43, glycosaminoglycan 26,36, sulfated polysaccharides 44, sterols (glycosides and sulfates) 45, phenolics 46, peptides 47, cerberosides 48 and lectins 4951.Unlike bacteria, fungi and parasites, viruses have no cellular structure. when Viruses are outside live cells they behave like organic compounds and they are not able to replicate and clone unconditionally. They do not have interior(a) cytoplasmic organs much(prenominal) as ribosomes, mitochondria and lysosome.HIV-1 virus or kind immunodeficiency virus is an RNA virus of the retrovirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency disease (AIDS) in worlds. According to the existence Health Organization, 60 million people worldwide are vitiateed with HIV and each day 5,700 lose their live because of this disease.( UNAIDS, 2010)HIV tends to infect and kill T lymphocytes that cause reduction and losing horde cellular resistor and impart make susceptibility to opportunistic infections. The presence of various materials, such as Liouvillosides A and B which are trisulfated triterpene glycosides and fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCS), are causing turn up anti-viral effects in extracts of these animals.The body is made up of trillions of living cells. universal body cells grow, divide into new cells, and die in an orderly fashion. During the earl ier years of a somebodys life, normal cells divide faster to forgo the person to grow. aft(prenominal) the person manufactures an adult, close cells divide only to replace worn-out(a) or dying cells or to repair injuries. cancer begins when cells in a part of the body start to grow out of control. There aremany kinds of cancer, but they all start because of out-of-control harvest-feast of abnormal cells. Cancer cell offset is different from normal cell growth. Instead of dying, cancer cells continue to grow and form new, abnormal cells. Cancer cells can also invade (grow into) other tissues, something that normal cells cannot do. Growing out of control and attack other tissues are what makes a cell a cancer cell.Cells become cancer cells because of impairment to desoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is in every cell and directs all its actions. In a normal cell, when DNA gets damaged the cell all repairs the damage or the cell dies. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired, but the cell doesnt die like it should. Instead, this cell goes on making new cells that the body does not need. These new cells will all have the same damaged DNA as the depression cell does. People can inherit damaged DNA, but most DNA damage is caused by mistakes that happen while the normal cell is reproducing or by something in our environment. Sometimes the cause of the DNA damage is something obvious, like cigarette smoking. But often no clear cause is found.Material and methodsSample collectionAll samples collected from 10-30 meters depth around Larak Island and they had transferred to shore with ice. Upon reaching the shore, samples were frozen using dry ice and transported to the laboratory. Samples unplowed in separated labeled plastic bags in frozen at -20 C until extraction.ExtractionSampels thawed with water and then mud, or sand, international particles remaining from the body surface and were washed away with work stoppage water. Samples were cuted from both side s of the midline of the body. internal organs separated from body wall and they cleaned with tap water before extraction.Extracts were prepared following Naik et al. at eldest, fresh holothurians were rinsed and cut into small pieces. Then cut samples moved to Erlenmeyer with 1000 cc diethyl ether solvent. The sample was collected in diethyletter about 24 hours, the semi- polar and non- poplar extraction was produced. After solution filtered and evaporating diethyletter to dryness, at low pressure at 35- 40C by using Rota vapor.Then the sample put in methanol for 72 hours, The polar extraction was produced The polar compounds in the phase of methanol- sedimentary extracts were separated. The concentrated methanol extracts was then dried to obtain jolty semi-solid extracts. The crude extract was then weighted and percentages of extraction from sea cucumber were calculated. After 72 hours evaporating methanol to dryness, at low pressure at 40-45 C by using Rota vapor and at the end , extract changed to lyophilized powder by vacuum freeze dryer.Production of Pseudotyped Single-Cycle ReplicableHIV Virions Single-cycle replicable HIV-1 (SCR HIV-1) virions were constructed by deleting a 2-kb segment within the Pol region of the HIV-1 genome from the pNL4-3 strain (provided by Dr. Navid Madani). Pseudotyped SCR HIV- 1 virions were produced by co-transfection of HEK293T cells with pmzNL4-3 (containing the mutated genome), psPAX2, and pMD2G plasmids obtained from Addgene (www.addgene.org) (10, 11). The pmzNL4-3 plasmid encodes the HIV-1 full-length RNA, with packaging ability containing the above-mentioned deletion in the Pol region the psPAX2 plasmid encodes HIV clog and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins, in addition to all the viral accessory proteins and the pMD2G plasmid encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus surface glycoprotein (VSVG), which is necessary for virion assembly and the budding process. These pseudotyped virions are able to infect a broad spectrum of cells , even without the CD4 receptor. After co-transfection of the HEK293T cells with theabove-mentioned plasmids by using the Polyfect reagent (Qiagen, Germany), supernatant containing thevirions was harvested at 24, 48, and 72 h. Virus stock was concentrated 20 times by ultracentrifugation, p24 laden was quantified (HIV p24 ELISA, Biomerieux, France), and the stock was stored at -70C (10, 11)Cell linesThe humane immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) give cell line Hela and human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells and Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) (American Type Culture Collection) were cultured at 37C with 5% CO2 in RPMI1640 medium (Biosera, England) and DMEM (Biosera, England), respectively. The media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Biosera, England), 200 units/mL of penicillin G, and 80g/mL of streptomycin (Sigma, USA).XTT-Based Cytotoxicity AssayThe cellular toxicity of methanol and diethyl ether extracts in HEK293T, Hela and KB cells were assessed using a cel l proliferation XTT kit (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), as draw previously (9). Briefly, cells were plated in triplicate in 96-well plates in the presence or absence of various concentrations of methanol and diethyl ether extracts. After incubation at 37C with 5% CO2 for 3 days, 50 L of prepared XTT mixture was added to each well. The cells were incubated for an additional 4 h to allow the production of XTT formazan. Absorbance was measured using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek ELx800) at a test wavelength of 450 nm and a reference wavelength of 690 nm. Percent ban was calculated using the following formula Inhibition (%) = 100 (At/ As) 100, where As is the absorbance of the solvent and At, of the test sample, respectively. The cytotoxic concentration that resulted in a reduction of the number of viable cells by 50% (CC50) was calculated from dosageresponse curves.Replication assayvesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG)-SCR virions can infect Hela cells and complete their re plication cycle by assembling of inactive virions. Hela cells (6104) were seeded in each well of 24 well plates containing 250 l of complete medium and infected with 400 ng P24 VSVG-SCR virions. Cells and virions were incubated together overnight and cells were then washed two times with pre-warmed 5% FBS supplemented DMEM. Complete medium (400 l) was added into each well and cell supernatants were analyzed for p24 load after 48 hrs (HIV P24 ELISA, BIOMERIEUX).ResultAntitumor effect of the sea cucumber extractsEvaluations of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts for potential anticancer activity on growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were evaluated by XTT assay. wood alcohol digestive organs extract with 2.46 TI index (table 1), showed better anti-cancer effect than other extracts obtained from sea cucumber. Compared to untempered control was detected. The dose dependent decreasing in the percentage of viability of treated cancer cells analyze to controls was giveed in the (Fig. 1A to D). As shown in (Fig. 1B), among the other extracts, only methanol digestive organs exhibited antiproliferative effects against the cancer cells. In addition this extract was rather less cytotoxic against HEK293T compared with other extracts. Bars represent direction of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be epoch-making at p hedge-1- Inhibitory effects of sea cucumbers extracts on growth growth human cancer cell lines, Human carcinoma oral epidermoid cells (KB) and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T)ExtractsIC50 CC50TI(CC50/ IC50)KBHEKMethanol body wall224.9 1.33281.0 1.181.24Methanol digestive organs152.5 1.29375.4 1.112.46Methanol gonad500360.1 1.750.72Diethyl ether body wall279.0 1.17284.9 1.191.02Diethyl ether digestive organs 449.4 2.51444.2 1.551.01Diethyl ether gonad367.1 1.29302.2 1.120.82The IC50 ( forbidding concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition cancerous KB cell line), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the extracts on HEK) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumber by using XTT assay, mean SD .Comparison of the cytotoxic effects of sea cucumber extracts on cancerous (KB) and normal (HEK293T) cells, was determined using the XTT assay (un- treated control (1 l DMSO) cells)Effect of sea cucumber H. leucospilota extracts on KB and HEK293T cells. Internal organs extracts (50 mg/ml) highest antiproliferative effects against KB cells and dont significant cytotoxic effects than other concentration. Values are mean SD of terzetto determinations.Anti-HIV activity of the sea cucumber extractsIn this study first we evaluated the cytotoxic activity on hella cells of different concentration of each extracts with XTT assay. XTT assay appeared all extracts have substantial cytotoxic effect on host cell line. The antiviral activities of each extract are summarized in Table 2. We f urther determined whether the inhibitory effects on HIV-1 replication of these extracts were dose-dependent. We infected hella cells with HIV-1 viruses and then treated the cells with each of the extracts at a concentration of 10 g/ml to 1000 g/ml fig 2A to F. no(prenominal) of the extracts showed significant inhibition of HIV-1 replication but the concentration of 100 g/ml methanol digestive organs, inhibit HIV-1 replication with less cytotoxic effect compared to other extract fig 2A.in addition body wall extract, with 2.79 TI index has rather better antiviral activity than other extracts(table 2). We also included 0.1% DMSO as a negative control and nevirapine as a positive control in these experiments. Bars represent means of triplicate determinations, and error bar indicate SD. Results were accepted to be significant at p Table-2- The IC50 (inhibition concentration 50% of extract that caused inhibition of viral replication in HIV-1), CC50 (50% cytotoxic concentration of the ext racts on host cells (Hela)) and TI (therapeutic index) of different extracts of sea cucumberExtractsIC50CC50TI(CC50/ IC50)Methanol body wall35.89 1.2119.15 1.450.53Methanol digestive organs57.61 3.0223.79 1.670.41Methanol gonad337.60 1.349.084 1.150.02Diethyl ether body wall20.14 1.1656.27 1.542.79Diethyl ether digestive organs37.01 1.1949.65 1.531.34Diethyl ether gonad5.03 1.905.11 1.891.01The average percentage of HIV-1 replication with extracts treatments based on three independent experiments. The percentage was considered as 100% when HIV-1 replication of DMSO sample reached to the peak. Instead, the rest of other samples with extracts treatments were calculated and converted into percentages based on DMSO and nevirapine used as a positive control in these experiments. The data were mean SEM of three independent experiments.

Choice Of Companies At Pick N Pay Business Essay

Choice Of Companies At disassemble N give birth Business EssayChoosing fragmentize n gestate as the global retailer I would focus on for this project was very easy. perfunctory families buy products from different retail break ins namely Checkers, Spar, Woolworths and fragmentise n put up. Because we atomic subroutine 18 so snarled in these shops and move alone over such a curb choice of retail nourishment stores I thought it would be interest to underwrite their contri simplyion to incarnate brotherly tariff. A lot of consumers argon unaw argon of a businesses behind the scene estimable practices and I depend it is important one realises the significance of large separates like The roll n net Holdings limited group to give cover charge to the community and land to square off aboutable projects. Because of such a wide prototype of socio-economical issues in Africa businesses rent to focus on them and be able to sustain that project. I turn out hea rd a lot about cull n give birth contributions to society and often atomic number 18 exposed to it by visiting their shops (bandanas for sales agreement for the sunflower fund). CSR has a commodious impact on the businesses public get word and I wanted to investigate why people would or would non want to support fault n comprise as their market place store.Introduction into businesss micro purlieuA sound missionWe availWith our hearts we force a great place to beWith our heads we create an excellent place to shopKey valuesWe nurture leading and vision, and reward innovationWe ar passionate about our customers and forget bid for their rightsWe c are for, and respect each otherWe don individual provinceWe support and participate in our communitiesWe are wholly depictableWe pass away by honesty and impartiality(Anonymous n.d)The split up n leave shop class limited instrument panel runs on a flat organisational mixer system and has the boilers suit respon sibility of each(prenominal) the stores. The board consists of eight non-executive directors and five executive directors. in operation(p) responsibility is divided up into tether main(prenominal) groups The fault n Pay retail division, the Group enterprises division and the Franklin division. Each division has its protest management board and they, as the board members believe this structure solelyows topical anesthetic trading operations to make decisions, be accountable for their actions and grow person each(prenominal)y.Flat organisational structureSome people in the lower levels are given more than responsibility and fewer managers are involveedSenior manager spirit managersWorkersThe company besides believes in decentralisation and this means each store is creditworthy for everything they do, including budgets, marketing and operations.Each business is responsible for everything they do but run overall by the board of the strip n Pay Holding limited groupThe board is assisted by groups of specialise people, one of which is the bodily disposal group which ensures all the correct structures are in line with both national and international standards and are grab and effective bodily friendly Responsibility and SustainabilityDefinition integrated hearty responsibility CSR is about how companies manage the business grapplees to produce an overall validatory impact on society. (Baker n.d.)Since 2005 Pick n Pay stool create an annual report to give to suppliers, customers and employees. This focuses and is dedicated solely to their embodied Social responsibility and sustainability plans as well(p) as the increasing attention customers are placing on companies to be socially responsibility. Pick n Pay has a dedicated General Manger, Tessa Chamberlin whose specific task is to ensure that their sustainable strategies fix their full emf. In juncture with this Pick N Pay, in 1990 launched their teen range of products AND completed its first environmental inspection. Not only do Pick n Pay focus on outreach and community involvement, they are concerned about the sustainability of where at that place food products and ingredients capture from. Pick n Pay are also involved and are one of the main supports in the carbon disclosure project which is aimed at growing and treat organic products. In 2007 Pick n Pay sum upd R47 billion on social green lights. Pick N Pay strive to be rea countic on there approach to there responsibility to their consumers and communities in which they operate.Pick n Pay aimsFormulating a vision and action plan that is sustainableAppointing a General Manager that incites sustainable phylogenyR30 million over the next 3 years to encourage broad- found black economic mandateInvestments in promoting staff training and development sounding into some of there other CSR which includes (Broader social responsibility)Activities to reduce our impact on the environmentProjects to carry on energy and water consumptionA waste, energy and water opinion study .Initiatives to decrease the impacts of transportationAll coolants containing CFCs consecrate been stopped.Investigating shape up packaging to decrease waste producedAlternative locally produced, and more environmentally friendly Green Bag shopping bags are made functional to shoppers.Corporate social investmentTotal expenditure on CSI R46 millionFocusing on education and literacy entrepreneurial development accession to elementary health care assistance to the disabled, street children, back up sufferers HIV/Aids prevention and support programmes road safety housing aliment schemes and sponsoring discordant sporting events. (Marketing division of Pick n Pay n.d.)Campaigns like the sunflower computer storage for the bone marrow registry, the Kids in pose opening night and the Pick n Pay School Club programme.The Board of directors, management and all employees are move to a high standard of corporate governance. Pick n Pay take pride in moral and estimable business standards. The Pick n Pay Holdings Limited group is committed to transparent business practices. The Board is committed to complying in all existent respects with the principles contained in the King II report, as well as to the additional requirements for fair corporate governance stipulated in the JSE SRI Index. (Marketing division of Pick n Pay n.d.)King II Report on Corporate GovernanceKing II statesThe Board is responsible for the amount of silver process of risk management, as well as for forming an opinion on the military capability of the processThe Board should set the risk strategy policies in amour with executive directors, and senior managementThe Board must decide the companys lust or tolerance for riskThe Board should make use of mostly recognised risk management and inborn control models and frameworks in rear to maintain a sound system of risk management and internal control to try reasona ble assurance regarding the achievement of organisational objectives andThe Board is responsible for ensuring a systematic, documented assessment of the processes and outcomes surrounding key risks is undertaken, at least(prenominal) annually, for the purpose of making its public statement. (Marketing division of Pick n Pay n.d.)Is it Sustainable?Although a lot of Pick n Pays CSR is contributing capital towards various charities and organisations, I think they are also very involved in the community. They do many projects that run once in a year for ideal the kids in parks project mentioned above, the Sunflower Fund for the bone marrow registry, the Quadriplegic Association of in the south Africa (QASA) and the Pick n Pay School Club programme. However all these projects are with -standing and are all still functioning today in society.Socio- Economic issues and strategies usedAlthough Pick n Pay do a lot of CSR I dupe decided to focus on one specific project.Pick n Pay are ver y involved in corporate social responsibility and address almost all socio-economic issues including education, poverty, the environment, sponsorship for sporting events and diseases like crabby person (sunflower fund)I have chosen a project called Kids in lay which Pick n Pay has been involved in and a sponsor of for 5years. This project entails both environmental and local community social responsibility and therefore addresses both environmental and underprivileged children/poverty issues.The Kids in place initiative uses money from plastic bag sales at Pick n Pay. R1 from every R5 bag sold is donated to a special environmental fund which is at one time the financial support for the Kids in Parks project. Because of the 2003 law put in place by government people now have to buy plastic bags. Consumers are more aware of the impressiveness of keeping bags to re-use and therefore this has had a huge reduction in the number of plastic bags in circulation and litter in the envir onment.The sale of over 9 million Pick n Pay Green Bags made it viable for them to make available resources for over 20 000 children to participate in this project. 6teen national parks are used and Pick n Pay has purchased 3 60 seater buses to transport the underprivileged children from the local community to and from the parks. Pick n Pay also sponsor meals, T- Shirts, favorableie bags and equipment needed for the fun day. The children die hard overnight in dorms and are provided with all the necessary keying equipment.The Kids in Parks Programme provides a unique opportunity for learners and their educators to visit a national park and learn a lot about internal and cultural heritage. The three-day programme allows for loads of discovery, learning and fun for kids.( randomness African internal Parks 2010)The programme manoeuvers the importance of national parks to children from an underprivileged background. The children learn to identify, name and describe different faun a and flora. The children learn about biodiversity and how to sustain and look after our environment. Activities make learners aware of water conservation and also allow children to look into different environmental careers that are available.The Kids in Parks initiative is macrocosm phased in over a period of three years. Each year five different parks impart delightful ten groups of 50 learners and 2 teachers. This means that eventually a total of 7 500 learners, 300 educators from 150 primary schools will have visited 15 parks.The programme is a partnership between SANParks, Pick n Pay and the departments of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) and Education (DoE) (South African interior(a) Parks 2010)Code of EthicsPick n Pay ensures that all employees act with the top level of honesty and respect. Pick n Pay was one of the first companies to make a real commitment to corporate social responsibility and they do this by acting in a manner which portrays good corporate gove rnance. They are unbending in their cyclorama of their polity of Ethics and ensure that all employees follow these rules. New employees are trained and are sensitive to their CSR involvement. Pick n Pay take pride in having in depth knowledge of every sight of their business, be it operations, interaction with society, environmental involvement and customer satisfaction. This knowledge is incessantly communicated through and through their comprehensive training schemes in an ethical, honest and respectful manner, whether it is with employees or suppliers, customers and the general public at large. The maintenance and on going development of their work out of ethics coupled with their CSR programs is constantly monitored by their board of directors. any(prenominal) deviations from their code of ethics are addressed through their disciplinary look into procedures.Choice of companies gadI chose goading because it is a well kn sustain, well establish brand and therefore should be doing corporate social responsibility. spinal column has international sacks and are aware of international standards of corporate governance. pricker South Africa has achieved huge increase this year with turnover increasing to over R2.2 billion, is an annex in corporate social responsibility and governance programs responsible for this growth? gad targets the fast growing middle class population group in South Africa in the family sit down restaurant market. They are in an ideal position to capatalise on this market although there is huge competition in this sector. They should therefore execute social responsibility programs and show good corporate governance to keep their market share.Introduction into businesss micro environmentThe Spur plenty listed on the JSE in 1986 and currently has 240 franchised spinal column track steak ranchesThe Spur Corporation assists all their franchisees both before and after opening. The well-trained operations aggroup provides consist ent back up and support to all franchises. The Spur corporation are very involved in all there franchise companies. This police squad ensures Spur upholds the brand name and quality food they are expected to provide.The board comprises of one independent non-executive director, three non-executive directors and six executive directors. The board meets twice annually, the non-executive directors can have direct access to management without the directors being present. This allows problems, if they do occur to be sorted out.Spur corporation is centralised asMarketing- dedicated marketing team that come up with new ideas for all franchises to use such as promotions and flyersprocural and manufacturing- there is a manufacturing facility which is responsible for the testing of productsTraining- dedicated team of trainers who ensure that the franchisees and employees have the necessary skillsThese divisions are oral sexed up at the head dominance. Because Spur steak ranches is a franc hise the board requires all franchisees to remain at the same standard, these operations named above are headed-up at the head darkice to ensure this does happen. This structure will minimize duplication of effort and documents. soul officeFranchiseesSpurPanarottisJohn DorysVision and MissionOur vision is to be the best family sit-down restaurant in the markets in which we trade.Our mission is to be dedicated at all times to our customers andemployees to provide a peck for life for our customers and be a great place to work for our employees. (Spur Corporation,2003) other micro- environment challenges which Spur has faced in the current year are high rentals, increased costs of electricity rates and taxes, reduced useable income of customers, high food price inflation and increased wage demands.Corporate Social Responsibility and SustainabilitySpur Corporation is committed to achieving high standards of corporate governance to protect the interests of the company and its shareho lders The group endorses the Code of Corporate Practices and stockpile as exemplified in the King Committee report on Corporate Governance( King 2) Governance structures are continually enhanced to take account of changes within the group and ongoing developments within corporate governance (Spur Corporation,2003)Spur is very conscious and committed to improving the lives of disadvantaged people in South African through the use of there brand. The Spur Corporation assists in the upliftment of the communities focusing mainly on people development through sport.Corporate social responsibility is an essential part of Spur. Spur has established many community-focused events for disadvantaged children. Funds generated from these events are used for a feeding initiative in rural schools. The Spur Corporation in conjunction with Joint Aid Management (Non profit organisation) provides meals to 350000 throughout SA daily.Sport and unskilled eventsSpur association football Masidlale (lets play) is a series of one-day association football learning clinics. study Schools Mountain Biking league receive continued support for the development of young cyclistsSpur adventure provides a fun day for the familyRugby development- Spur is committed to transformation at a schools level partnering with FNB to present real clashes on TV. Spur also sponsor disadvantaged rugby acting schoolsAnnual charity golf tour- raised over R300 000 for the development of underprivileged potential players and food for many schemesHIV/AIDS an AIDS sensation campaign has been established for the past seven yearsSpur, because of their adventure run into have used sport as their corporate social responsibility outlet.Is it sustainable?These projects are definitely sustainable as they have long term aims of continuing the projects established. . Through sport disadvantaged children are being taught valuable life skills including team work and personal gain. Children will be able to use the skil ls they learn throughout their lives and will get more enjoyment out of playing sport. Often disadvantaged children are gloomy and unhappy and sport can be a recreational outlet for them to enjoy.Socio- Economic issues and strategies usedSpur is very limited in the socio-economic issues they address however I decided to focus on the Spur soccer Masidlale initiative which uses soccer as a bases to integrate children from all walks of life. This initiative is part of Spur Corporations corporate social investment (CSI) This experience is a fun and interactive. Properly qualified coaches conduct the standardised drill sessions which are followed by a mini-tournament.The Spur Corporation sponsors lunch for all players, soccer kit, equipment as well as the coaches. Every child involved will receive their own soccer ball. Last year the theme of the initiative was Self discipline which is being followed up this year with the theme of live your leader This programme ensures the coaches r evisit the schools regularly, enforcing the learning experience. Spur has collaborated once once again with Joint Aid Management to feed less fortunate children which will also experience the Spur Soccer Masidlale clinics.The aim To ensure the spring chicken of South Africa maintain a healthy, active lifestyle. This is why Spur has partnered with the Supersport initiative, Lets represent which aims to get children into the outdoors and enjoying the fresh air. Together, with the same direction in mind they want to get children off the streets and playing sport.This project can contribute towards decreasing crime to self esteem issues. Children need a good basis of moral education and programmes like this one can provide this. Sport is fun and one has to work in a team to achieve a common goal. This program encourages children to follow their dream and introduces them to soccer at a young age. This will help them to find their own identity and promote a life free of alcohol and dru gs.A participant enjoying a Spur hamburgerA team vesture the sponsored soccer kit feeding a Spur hamburgerEating a Spur hamburgerCode of EthicsSpur requires all their employees to maintain the highest moral and ethical standards with all stakeholders including 1) relationships with other collegues 2) interaction with suppliers in order to meet stringent supply and food safety requirements 3) hold with customers 4) enhanced interaction with corporate governance structures and NGO groups 5) establishment of hire committees as part of their corporate governance program 6) interaction with employee groups for example labour unions, environmental interest groups and disadvantagedIn dealing with all stakeholders Spur adheres to the principles contained in their code of Ethics, these principles are integrity, honesty and good faith, impartiality, hydrofoil and openness, accountability and responsibility(Spur Corporation,2003) This code of Ethics does not mention CSR but does pointed ness how they go about dealing with society in an ethical, moral manner. abstract of information, comparison and opinionPick n Pay and SpurThe observation post for Spur is very positive. There financial performance is underpinned by a sound, well thought out corporate governance program, which includes an audit committee, wage committee, risk committee, nominations committee and operational committee. These groups ensure the running of the company is noneffervescent and the public can then be reassured the company is practicing ethical behavior and good governance.This linked with there proposed restaurant growth in South Africa coupled with the 2010 Fifa world Cup will mean that the potential for Spur to become more involved in CSR is there (more money to contribute and make use of)I think Spur need to make the public more aware of their CSR to boost their public character and therefore, becoming more involved will be an advantage and not seen as money spent without return on i nvestment (ROI)However, the spur corporation as a hole focuses on growth and customers and ineluctably to become aware of the need for the businesses to get more involved in CSR.Pick n Pay are very involved in CSR and show a real interest in giving back and doing good in the community. They show this by doing a broad range of CSR that help many different socio-economic problems. Pick n Pay are involved in projects that are not just once off and require a commitment form the business to be sustainable. The Pick n Pay holdings limited group are encouraging good corporate governance across all stores and this is proven in their code of ethics and CSR programmes.VSDiscussion and ConclusionDefinition Corporate governance is the set of processes, customs, laws and institutions affecting the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administrated or controlled. Corporate governance also includes the relationships among the many stakeholders involved and the goals for which the corporati on is governed. The principle stakeholders are the shareholders, management, and the board of directors. Other stakeholders include employees, customers, creditors, suppliers, and the community at large.Looking at the recount presented above Pick n Pay is better governed. Although both companies have corporate governance programs in place one can see that Pick n Pay are more committed to their ethical behavior/ corporate governance and CSR. Spur corporations only uses sport to promote CSR where as Pick n Pay has a comprehensive list of different CSR programs they are involved in. Pick n Pay addresses a range of socio-economic issues like education, poverty, the environment and diseases, Spur focuses on the upliftment of children in South Africa. Pick n pay uses there involvement in so many CSR programmes to promote their positive image to the public and therefore having a good effect on sales. Pick n Pay have an extensive view and plan on promoting both broad based and primary base s social responsibility. They have put together a code to develop the Pick n Pay employees (as seen under the corporate social responsibility and sustainability heading). By being corporate social responsible Pick n Pay are giving back to the society and the environment and at the same time promoting there good corporate governance. Looking at Pick n Pays social involvement and promoting the well being of their own employees who are encouraged to be ethical and work with integrity Pick n Pay does uphold corporate governance.

Ebook Security With Adobe Adapt DRM

E password Security With adobe Adapt DRMAbstractEBooks empennage be secured in conf utilise ways dependant on device or format. The hear focuses on the encryption regularity use by Adobe in their Adept DRM utilize to secure EPUB and PDF formats.The report describes what a DRM is and its uses and purposes within the industry, how Adobe have adapted this for their purpose, the RSA and AES encryptions used, along with any advancements and vulnerabilities with the mold.Recommendations argon then condition on how the process could be improved and conclusions drawn on the boilers suit effectiveness of the outline.Table of Contents2. Literature follow2.1 What is DRM2.2 RSA with PKCS1 v1.5 aggrandise2.2.1 PKCS 12.2.2 RSA2.2.2.1 GENERATE A PUBLIC describe AND PRIVATE KEY2.2.3 Padding2.3 AES in CBC mode with a random generated IV4. VulnerabilitiesSecurityKnown attacksSide-channel attacksNIST/CSEC validationTest transmitters5. Recommendations6. Conclusion7. References2. Literature review2.1 What is DRM?digital Rights Management or DRMs restrict the ability to print, modify, lend or use the extended features of purchased digital media specifically EBooks. Restriction levels are open on publishers, distributors, device and even while. These restrictions are also used to spring the number of E-Readers a al-Quran can be viewed on and time restrictions on features can be added. DRMs come in different forms, at presend there are eight main types, excluding obscure formats or those used in non-English countries, and a large proportion of these are unsuitable with each other. While there is no de-facto standard, Adobe DRM is the most prolific, although amazon Kindle and Apple iBooks use proprietary DRMs.The Adobe ADEPT DRM system has five learn referencesAdobe Content server is answerable for the storage and management of EBooks.Adobe Activation Server is responsible for storing and trailing Adobe IDs and authorised devices.Adobe Content Server Message (ACSM ) wedge carries the details of the book including name, synopsis and location.Adobe ID is the unique credit that is associated with the user. This is call for to unlock the ACSM.Adobe Reader Software Development Kit (SDK) is used for distributers to create their own mobile scaning apps. (Jenny Ellis and Kyle Cook (2013))The following process is used when a purchased EBook with an Adobe Adept DRM is opened with Adobe digital Editions.1. A unique user cardinal is created for the user account encrypted with RSA with PKCS1 v1.5 dramatize by the E-Reader software. The account information not the device is used to create the learn therefore plying an EBook with DRM to be read on various devices. This is required to open the ACSM file.2. Once an EBook is purchased a distinguish for decryption cognize as the book key or ACSM is sent to the user. This book key is encrypted by the distributor using the unique user key created in step one. The book encryption is AES with enter Bloc k Chaining with an Initialization vector that is randomly generated.3.T he E-Reader software uses the user key to decrypt the book key and subsequently the book key is used to decrypt the EBook and allow access to the device or software.Copying is prevented by requiring the user key to decrypt the book key as it is not stored in a decrypted form on the device or software. To enable reading on another device it requires authorisation, once complete the user key is sent and the device is registered allowing EBook to be read on the newly enabled device. (Xiao Zhang 201)Image 01 The DRM surgical process2.2 RSA with PKCS1 v1.5 paddingRSA with Public Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) 1 and padding is used to encrypt the unique user account key, below is a description of how each part works to protect the user identification and eBook.2.2.1 PKCS 1PKCS 1 is the first standard of mathematical recommendations and properties for the correct implementation of RSA familiar and private keys. T he key pairs are based on a modulus of two distinct large hot flash number. (Weisstein 2015)2.2.2 RSA Image 02 How RSA Encryption kit and caboodle (Page dress 2010)In 1977 Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman first described RSA public key or asymmetric cryptography. RSA uses two keys, one public one private that are mathematically linked. As the name suggests public keys can be share with anyone whereas the private key must be kept secure. Either key can be used to encrypt the data and the opposite key is used to decrypt. RSA if implemented correctly can provide confidentiality, integrity and non-reputability of electronic communications and data storage. (Rouse 2014)2.2.2.1 Generating Public and Private KeysThe first step to generating the public and private keys is two prime numbers. A prime number is a number greater 1 and is only divisible by 1 or itself. Examples of prime numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41.These two prime numbers p and q are cypher together to give n and multiplied together minus one to give t.For Examplep = 29q= 31n = p * q = 29 * 31 n = 899t = ( p -1 ) * ( q 1) = ( 29 1 ) * ( 31 1 ) t = 840Another prime number e is required, although e needs to be a recounting prime to t, therefore t cannot be divisible by e.Since t = 840, e cannot be 2, 3, 5 or 7 e can be 11, 13, 17 etc. 11 was selected as it was the first congenator prime to t. e = 11.The last figure required for the calculations is d. The formula used to ascertain d isd * e = 1 mod t (d * 11) / 840 will result in the remainder of 1. To find d the contrary of e mod t is required and is often computed using the across-the-board Euclidean Algorithm. ( 611* 11) / 840 = 8 r 1 d = 611.The public key is n and e 899 and 11.The private key is n and d 899 and 611.(Page Don 2010)2.3 AES in CBC mode with a random generated IVAES with Cipher Block Chaining with an Initialization vector that is randomly generated is used to encrypt the book key o r ACSM, below is a description of how each part works to protect the eBook to prevent unauthorised use.3. VulnerabilitiesOn paper, this encryption intention ensures a strong DRM mechanism. However, it was soon observed that the software used to read ePubs and PDFs, Adobe digital Editions, uses a very weak obfuscation to bedim the per-user key. An attack that uses reverse-engineering on the software reveals a rather easy method of retrieving the per-user key from the software and use it to decrypt other Adept encrypted PDF or ePub file. Newer versions of the Adobe Digital Editions use more cryptic ways of concealing the per-user key, but attacks comfort exist to retrieve it from the registry4. RecommendationsAdobe Digital Editions, uses a very weak obfuscation to hide the per-user key. An attack that uses reverse-engineering on the software reveals a rather easy method of retrieving the per-user key from the software and use it to decrypt other Adept encrypted PDF or ePub file. N ewer versions of the Adobe Digital Editions use more cryptic ways of hiding the per-user key, but attacks still exist to retrieve it from the registryfor better useable security and lonelinessWrite withtheknowledgeyou have gained duringthelecturesandalso healthyintuition about improvements that can be made to ensure better security and concealment of all involved state holders.You arenotasked toprovide possible solutionsthere should be no limitto your imagination however withsensible intuition.You can discuss systems, frameworks, protocols, tools, best practices, governmentregulations etc.5. Conclusion foreground important facts and findings.6. Referenceshttp//www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2013/building-a-community-of-readers-social-reading-and-an-aggregated-ebook-reading-app-for-libraries/http//www.cse.wustl.edu/jain/cse571-11/ftp/drm/sec2.3.1E-Book Security and Preventing Theft and Unauthorised edithttp//inkwelleditorial.com/prevent-ebook-thefthttp//ebookforum.info/how-can -i-stop-theft-of-my-ebook/http//www.star-force.com/press/articles/?news=2562DRMhttp//ebookarchitects.com/learn-about-ebooks/drm/https//www.editionguard.com/

Strategies to Measure Poverty

Strategies to broadsheet PovertyPoverty is a mixer problem and it has been subscribe toed as a feature of inequality in alliance. This view is shargond by Machperson Silburn (1998, 1), as they consider scantiness as a private road of political and morale challenges to all societies at all times.Roll (1992, 7) defined destitution as a shortage of some social occasion which is morally unacceptable and calls for action. Or in a more official way, poverty can be defined as the number of people with incomes be miserable an arbitrary per centimeage of the number Gordon et al (2000, 8).There be two types of poverty depending on the way that it is bard, those types be relative and absolute poverty. Absolute poverty refers to the minimum physical require that are associated with physical survival, taking account of food, clothing, and shelter (Roll, 1992, 14).On the some opposite hand, relative poverty is usually related to social needs and as is a feature of income inequality and can be described as being a comparison to something else (Roll, 1992, 15). In other words it could be the inability to have stuff that around people in night club think it is essential. To illustrate this and to to a lower placestand public opinion on the field of operation of necessities, a survey carried let out by 1500 people in 1999 produced the future(a) results over 90% of the population in each case discriminate beds and bedding for everyone, heating, damp-free home, visiting friends or family and medicine prescribed by dilute as items which adults should have in Britain. By contrast, little than 10 per cent sees mobile phones and mesh gateway as necessary Gordon et al (2000, 18).However, nowadays, internet access and mobile phones are considered as necessities to most people in society, so those who can non afford them are counted in relative poverty.There are many another(prenominal) ways to measure poverty and they could vary from country to another. The ideal of poverty aims to help develop overbold policies to reduce the extent of poverty, and enables politicians to regularise how many people live in poverty and what the social characteristics associated with them are, such as gender and age (MacPherson Silburn, 1998, 8). Each measure of poverty has advantages and disadvantages, and has polar influence on policy. For example, income thresholds prelude defines poverty as being under a specific threshold level in terms of households average income or benefit levels. In the UK, it is the most common measure of poverty, and a household is said to be in poverty if its income, after taxes, is less than 60% of the UK median for that year (Aldridge et al, 2013).The main advantage of this approach is that it is simplistic as it does not require detailed data from people (Gordon et al, 2000, 74), and that the standard of need is implicit in the benefit levels decided by authorities (Gordon et al, 2000, 74). However, there are some problems with employ this approach for example, it could be argued when the thresholds establish on the average income that it is measuring rod the inequality of income rather than measuring poverty. too MacPherson Silburn (1998, 14) argued that the benefit rates may be set at a very low rate, well below average earning, and thus do not provide an acceptable poverty threshold measure.Low income is a major problem in the United Kingdom, as it is at the perfume of poverty matters. It has short term as well as big term effects on individuals and society overall, as people who are in low income are more likely to have unplayful illnesses, for example Cancer mortality rates in the poorest areas (200 per 100,000) are 50% higher than average, and have not fallen in the last decade, sequence the average has fallen by one-sixth (Aldridge et al, 2013). Low income as well affects the entire British economy, as British society has turned out to be controlled by material goods and marke t relationships and any shortage would have a great effect on the economy. This means, that measuring poverty in the remediate way would help to reduce the pattern on low income (Kenway et al, 2002, 18).The cause of the rise and fall of the number of people with low income is debatable. Some consider it to be the individuals fault because laziness and passivity. However, others see it deeper than that and put the responsibility on the governings policies as Kenway et al (2002, 18) state that the chief weapons that have been employ in the assault on low income over the last few long time are first, reforms to the tax and benefit system and second, the national minimum wage. For example, if the government raises taxes and cuts d testify on benefits, as a result, the number of people on low income volition rise, as well as poverty. On the other hand, it could be argued that this weapon can be used in a positive way to decrease the number of people on low income and against poverty, by decreasing taxes and offering more/higher benefits. The same also applies for minimum wage, where it could be increased or decreased, which in turn will have an effect on the level of poverty in Britain. Thats why there are many measures of poverty, as each measure is used to look deeper into the problem from a different angle to try and resolve where the responsibility/blame lies and the best ways to deal and solve this problem.another(prenominal) way of measuring poverty is by using consensual/social indicators. This approach is very much dependent on social surveys and on public view of necessities. Not only the UK implemented this approach of measuring poverty, but many other countries did, such as, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, Germany and Vietnam. That made it one of the most common approaches of measuring poverty. However, it has been criticised because peoples responses are firmly based on their own subjective experience, which may be far removed from the poverty level (Mac Pherson Silburn, 1998, 12).Budget standard is another method to measure poverty. It is based on a very basic basket of goods, the only good thing about it is, that things can be put into or taken out of a figure standard easily (Gordon et al, 2000, 75). But when it comes to weakness points, budget standard has some, for example, it only focuses on a group of people and does not cover all types of people, such as, people from various cultures, or with modified needs, as Roll (1992, 39) confirms the argument is that people have different disbursement patterns so that, even if they had the same amount of income from benefit, they would not spend it on the basket of goods. Because of that, this approach is not used much now to measure poverty. So, other ways of measurement had to be developed such as social exclusion. This approach is used in the UK, and it focuses on the shortage of access to the types of social relations, norms and interests (Gordon et al, 2000). It refers more to relative poverty rather than absolute poverty.Lastly, poverty can be measured subjectively, or in other words, using subjective measures. This method is based on categorizing the poverty thresholds by society itself without any intervention from experts or the government, making it the most democratic approach of measuring poverty, which is the best thing about it. On the other hand, it could be argued that subjective poverty lines tend to fluctuate over time depending on changes in the social theatrical role group and on period of reference (Gordon et al, 2000,73).In conclusion, poverty is a serious issue which affects the individual as well as the whole society. Many elements are involved in it such as the place, time, income, gender, health, and benefits. And in order to take all of these into account, many approaches and methods have been developed for measuring poverty, each one being employ to a specific element. As a result, this has produced measures which look into the i ssue of poverty from various angles, which in turn, offer policy makers the opportunity to develop new rules and regulations to minimise poverty as much as possible.

Life And Career Of James Cameron Film Studies Essay

Life And C areer Of pile Cameron Film Studies EssayEver heard of much or less re whollyy beneficial motion pictures c in whatsoevered Titanic, eradicator, and Avatar? Iconic film music director James Cameron is the brains behind making these and otherwise dandy asks that were, and still are genuinely popular throughout the world. In his life, he has been extremely successful. Titanic went on to become the highest grossing movie of all condemnation. You post give the credit to Camerons genius spare effectuate and terrible grade lines. His movies are all genuinely interesting and very grab the idea of the viewer. Camerons contri totally ifions to the movie world make him a big time Hollywood director. James comes from a working class family, w present his parents worked very with child(p) to fight down him. Oscars and numerous other awards can be found all everywhere his house. He is a real good director and his movies are very loved around the world.Jame s was born in the melodic phrase of 1954 Phillip and Shirley Cameron. He was delivered in Kapuskasing, Ontario Canada. Camerons Dad was an electrical engineer at a power plant. His mom, Shirley was a notional type. Shirley played a large and profound role in stimulating the artistic prowess inside of her son. She enlisted him in numerous acting lessons, painting instruction, and even hired him a personalised piano teacher. She did this to encourage James to be as artistic and in touch with his creative side. At school, Cameron was a pretty good student. He didnt resembling math because of one(a) reason. There was only one fare to every problem. He was never able to fully be creative in his work.. James real liked requireing and writing, but rightfully liked in science fiction and space/futuristic novels. His all time favorite deem as a student was 2001 A Space Odyssey. The amazing futuristic and descriptive writings of the novel really stuck with Cameron and shaped him i nto the creative director he is today. by and by reading the book Cameron had a revelation. He wanted to be in the business of art. The form he chose was directing. He felt like he would be really good at it. But he knew his dream of stardom was one of a Hollywood fairytale. So instead of pursuing a career as a director, James finished high school and went on to college. by and by receiving his high school diploma, Cameron transitioned into college. He chose to watch a physics at Cal State Fullerton. He really liked studying physics there, but in the back of his head, a feeling of incompleteness still stuck in the back of his head. Cameron still wanted to test the waters as a film maker. After this sudden change of heart, he switched his major to English and went on to continue his studies for one more year. As the year past, Cameron came to the conclusion that college was not where he wanted to be anymore. James dropped out and travel into a small apartment in Los Angeles. Ther e, he worked odd jobs here and there. In the mean time, he was always writing scripts and coming up with ideas for his films.At this point in his life, Cameron was at ease with his decision. His parents keep to represent him from across the country. A changing point came though when Cameron firstborn watched overlord Star Wars. This was in 1977. Just like the books he used to read as a child, watching Star Wars really resonated with him. It was exactly the salmagundi of thing he was into. So, after he saw it, he really decided to pursue his dream as a director. He stop his current job and proceeded to focus all of his time and energy into film making. Camerons close knit friends in LA got together as he told them about the dream he wanted to purse. They all agreed they were implicated and wanted to be a part of it. The group got together and constructd a movie. The movie was small and very low budget. However, it caught the attention of writers in Hollywood and got Camerons name out there as a legitimize director. They hustled complete money and eventually were able to get all the equipment necessary to create movies.Camerons first movie as a big time director was awful and terrible. The producer of the film told him that he was a terrible director and would never make it in the business. The negative comments only encouraged him to pursue his dream. He wanted to prove everyone wrong. He wanted to show Hollywood that a kid from Canada could become one of the best film makers in the history of movies. James swore to himself from that point that everyone of his next projects would be top tonicity and extremely well done.The movie he came up with was Terminator. Futuristic and sci-fi effects were the backbone behind this movie. People had never seen a story like this. They were consumed by the awesome explosions and amazing gun fights. The future governor of California, Arnold Shawrtzanegier got his first big break in this movie. After this, he blew up and went on to become a big time action movie star.Terminator was extremely successful, and James proceeded to create bang-up picture after great picture. James Cameron then unveiled his greatest movie. In this film, he went absent from his big explosions and fights facial expressions like we had seen in his previous movies. Instead, he created a movie that tugged and pulled at the emotional sensors of the human brain. This movie was Titanic. Titanic do Cameron a very rich man. It would go on to become the highest grossing film ever. It made billions and billions of dollars. The movie is very cool because it is so detailed. In one scene he replicated the exact china that was used on the real Titanic. Also, on the scene where Jack and Rose are floating in the ocean, if one is to look into the sky, the consolation of stars is exactly that of the night the real ship sank.After Titanic, Camerons reputation grew as a film maker and he continued on his quest for stardom. Cameron has b een a part of many projects, not only the movies he has directed. He assisted fellow directors and also helped produce some of his friends movies. He also has an interest in acting, and sometimes fulfills roles in his own, and others movies. genius of Camerons most recent movies is one about a blue extraterrestrial being species. Avatar is a very cool and intriguing movie. It has awesome special effects and if you see it in 3-d it will enhance the befool sex greatly. Avatar went on to surpass Titanic as the highest grossing movie of all time. His ingenious is really shown in this movie. His creation of a whole other race, with there own language, customs, and culture is a extremely amazing feat. It sincerely yours shows the brain power and imagination that he truly possesses. This skill is what makes him so successful in his directing.In all of his movies, Cameron usually has some reoccurring things that usually always take place. Some of these themes are apocalyptic, mans depe ndency on machines, and more then usual, a woman will have a very prominent role in saving the day. Most of Camerons movie have one or more of these elements in them.Cameron has espouse many women in his life. In his years, he has had 5 wives. First he was married to Sharon Williams in 1978. In 1984, he married Gale Hurd, the producer who bough Terminator. After Gale, he married Kathryn Bigelow in 1989. After Biglow, Cameron married Linda Hamilton, whom he has one daughter with. Finally, he married his current wife, Suzy Amis in 2000. When it comes to religion, Cameron does not really have any beliefs. He considers himself an atheist. Meaning he believes that after death, a persons body besides becomes part of the earth, and that is it.director James Cameron is the brains behind making these and other great films that were, and still are very popular throughout the world. In his life, he has been extremely successful. Titanic went on to become the highest grossing movie of all tim e. You can give the credit to Camerons genius special effects and amazing story lines. His movies are all very interesting and really capture the imagination of the viewer. Camerons contributions to the movie world make him a big time Hollywood director. James comes from a working class family, where his parents worked very hard to support him. Oscars and numerous other awards can be found all over his house. He is a really good director and his movies are very loved around the world.

ROMANTIC VS CLASSICAL Essay -- Essays Papers

ROMANTIC VS CLASSICALIn the 18th century, there was a tip that we called Neo classicism. In this period most of all paintings had the same feature film which are dark and simple background colors, very masculine, stressed heroism, frieze, subtle edges, more geometric and flat. As we seen in Jean Ingres paintingThe jokers Slave, we could see from the simple background and the very subtle edges of her body. Comparing to the classical period, one of the wall paintings that I found around the campus. I decided to use the mural designed by Grant timber which title is Breaking the Prairie Sod to be one pillow slip which attain the same characteristic with the classical period even though it had varicolored in the 19th century. This mural is locate at the main history east lobby of Parks Library. procedureually this mural depicts the breaking of Iowas sodding(a) soil in the early 1840s with a woman standing beside a man who is drinking out of a jug while his surpass rests on t he handle of a wooden plow. There are salient cloud formations behind them and a view across the field and prairie. And this mural symbolized a lot of things that I never thought before for example the man in the picture, presented in youth, middle age and maturity, represents Abraham Lincoln, who signed the Morrill Act that founded land-grant educational institutions of which Iowa State is one. Lincolns presence also sends a strong heart and soul to students who view the mural, that with hard work, dedication, honesty and ed...

A Comparison Of The Catcher In The Rye And The Adventures Of Huck Finn :: essays research papers

The forthcoming of American literature proposes 2 distinct vivid novels portraying computer addresss which be tested with a plethoraof punts. In this essay, devil great American novels are comparedThe incidents of Huck Finn by Mark couple and The Catcher In The Rye byJ.D. Salinger. The Adventures of Huck Finn is a novel based on theadventures of a boy named Huck Finn, who along with a slave, Jim, maketheir way along the Mississippi River during the Nineteenth Century. The Catcher In The Rye is a novel about a young creation called HoldenCaulfield, who travels from Pencey Prep to New York City struggling withhis own neurotic problems. These two novels can be compared using theCosmogonic Cycle with both actual and symbolic presentations.The Cosmogonic Cycle is a name for a cosmopolitan and archetypalsituation. There are six parts that make up the cycle the call toadventure, the threshold crossing, the road of trials, the supreme test,a escapism or a flee, and finally a re turn. There are more parts they donot necessarily fall into the same order, examples of these are symbolicdeath and motifs. The Cosmogonic Cycle is an interesting way tointerpret literature because is Universal or correlates with all timeperiod and any situation.The Call to Adventure is the first of the Cosmogonic Cycle. It isthe actual "call to adventure" that one receives to begin the cycle. There are many ways that this is establish in literature including going bydesire, by chance, by abduction, and by being lured by an outsideforce. In The Adventures of Huck Finn, Huck is agonistic with the dilemmaof whether to stay with his father and continue to be abused or toleave. Huck goes because he desires to begin his journey. In TheCatcher In The Rye, Holden mentally is torn between experience andinnocence, it would seem to him that an outside force is luring him todo something but in actuality he is beginning his journey because of hisdesire. The Call to Adventure is the first step in the CosmogonicCycle, it is the step at which the character or hero is brought intocycle.The Threshold Crossing is the second step, it is the place or theperson that which the character crosses over or through into the regularizeUnknown. The Zone Unknown being the place where the journey takesplace. The threshold crossing is a good deal associated with a characterchange or an appearance change. An example of this is in The Wizard ofOz, when the movie goes from black and white to color, showing a ocular

Dinosaurs :: essays research papers

DinosaursDinosaur is the name of large extinct reptiles of the Mesozoic Era,during which they were the dominant land animals on Earth. The term wasproposed as a chassisal zoologic name in 1842 by the British anatomist Sir RichardOwen, in interview to large fossil bones unearthed in southern England. Thevarious kinds of dinosaurs argon classified in two formal categories, the ordersSaurischia and Ornithischia, within the subclass Archosauria.The runner recorded dinosaur remains found consisted of a few teeth andbones. They were sight in 1882 in Sussex, England, by an English doctor,Gideon Mantell, who named them iguanodon. About the same time, different fossilteeth and bones were found near Oxford, England, by Rev. William Buckland.These were named Megalosaurus. Thousands of specimens grow since beendiscovered nearly worldwide.Different types of dinosaurs varied greatly in form and size, and theywere adapted for diverse habitats. Their promoter of survival flush toilet only beidentified from their fossil remains, and some identifications are in dispute.They ranged in tip from 4 to 6 lb., in the pil let loose slip of the compsognathus, and upto 160,000 lb., in the case of the brachiosaurus. close to dinosaurs were large,weighing more than 1,100 lb., and few weighed less than 100 lb. Most wereherbivores, but some saurischians were carnivorous. The majority were four-footed but some ornithischians and exclusively carnivores walked on their hind legs.Always classified as reptiles, dinosaurs make believe traditionally been assumedto have been reptilian in their physiology, cold-blooded, and ectothermic. Inrecent eld several different lines of evidence have been interpreted asindicating that dinosaurs whitethorn have had warm blood and high rates of metabolism,comparable to birds and mammals. consequence supporting this view includes uprightposture and carriage mammal handle microscopical building of bones skeletalfeatures suggestive of high activity and specialized food-processing dentitionsand low ratios of dinosaurian predators to prey animals, both suggesting highfood requirements. The evidence is not conclusive--all the facts can bealternatively explained--but some dinosaurs whitethorn have been endothermic.The reproductive means of most dinosaurs is as yet unknown. Fossil eggs,attributed to one of the horned dinosaurs and a sauropod, have been discoveredin Mongolia and France. Fragments that are presumed to be of dinosaur eggs havealso been found in Brazil, Portugal, Tanzania, and in the United States,Colorado, Montana, and Utah. In Montana, Utah, and Alberta, Canada, fossils ofunhatched dinosaur eggs have been discovered. This evidence indicates egg-laying reproduction in dinosaurs, like most modern reptiles. A few scientistsbelieve that some dinosaurs may have given birth to living young, but no

Death of a Naturalist Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Death of a NaturalistThe poem, like Seamus Heaneys work, is real nature minded in terms of context. However, he describes the salientians in a very evil, sinister, and menacing way. It is about a child who collects frog cause from the dam and collects it in jars. He is innocent and unaware of the evil that lurks in the frog spawn. We can see in the poem that the boy is young, when he remembers his teacher teaching him about the frogs, and his way of calling the frogs Daddy frog and Mammy Frog. The poem heavily appeals to the senses, which describes the more sinister part of nature. Because when people think of nature they usually think of the more bonny parts of it (e.g. mountains etc.) The poems appeal to senses shows how filthy and grubby nature can be describing the sight, smel...

The Politics of Percy Shelley Essay -- Biography Biographies Essays

The Politics of Percy Shelley Following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars, Europe was leftover torn by economic decline, political turmoil, and uncertainty. Out of these events sprang writers who saw it as their duty to ease the social and political dilemmas through their inspirational writings. whizz of these Nineteenth century writers was Percy Shelley, who is known for the revolutionary and defiant ideas he evince in his works. Many of his writings such as A mental strain Men of England, The Mask of Anarchy, and Ozymandias, reflect his radical political approach to solving Englands troubles. Although Shelley does non explicitly voice a cry for socialism, his poems do call for a doer response to the tyrannical leaders of England, yet he in the end fails in sparking a revolution due to several contradictions as tumesce as the fact that they remained unpublished based on these issues, Shelley became merely a precursor to the socialist ideas of the late Nineteenth century. One of Percy Shelleys boldest poems concerning a proletarian uprising is A meter Men of England, in which the diction and style of the tack together evoked a sense of urgency and magnitude. Just as Ifor Evans claimed that Shelley had a personality in rising, it should also be noted that his poetry urged others to revolt(140). When read aloud, the poem sounds more like a fiery deliverance than a Romantic piece of literature. Shelley employ vivid images to catch the readers attention, such as Drain your sweat? nay, drink your blood? (A Song line 8). The sweat and blood were images that the en-slaved workers of England were well accustomed to, so Shelley used these words not only to attract attention but ... ...orton Anthology of side Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. seventh ed. New York W. W. Norton, 2000. 728. ---. The Mask of Anarchy Written on the source of the Massacre at Manchester.The Complete Poetical Works (19 04).Literature Online. 5 Apr. 2002 <http//lion.chadwyck.com/po_basic/fulltext? censure=N&TO CHITS=N&ALL=Y&ACTION=BYID&ID=Z200484027. ---. Ozymandias.The Norton Anthology of English Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York W. W. Norton, 2000. 725 -26. ---. To Sidmouth and Castlereagh.The Norton Anthology of English Literature.Vol. 2.Ed. M.H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. New York W. W. Norton, 2000. 728 -29. Wolfson, Susan. Formal Charges. Stanford Stanford UP, 1997. Woodring, Carl. Politics in English romantic poetry. Cambridge Harvard UP, 1970.

Preventing PC Issues :: essays research papers

Several mickle in the class hit had "computer problems" in the last dyad of weeks. This is often caused by Aw ar, Spyware, Malware, Viruses, and not maintaining the knotty drive. Many condemnations people will buy a new PC and 6-8 months later cannot hear why it is running so poorly. I rebuild a manage of computers for people. If it is a Pentium III or better and the person has all the captain software that came with the pc, it is not a difficult task, although it can be time consuming.There are several things we can do to prevent this from happening.Defrag the hard drive weekly or at the genuinely least in one case per month. Get the "red" out. (On an XP OS it is Start--> totally Programs-->Accessories-->System Tools-->Disk Defragmenter) employ a good virus programme and keep it updated. Norton or Mcaffee are the about popular. A new-comer is PC-cillin by Micro Trends. They have a very good application that uses very little resources and they upd ate their "dat" files lots faster than the other big two, include a spyware contrivek and have 24 hour phone tech support. Do a search on the internet. There are a lot of great articles by magazines such as PC Magazine written about this program and company. Norton and Mcaffee have not updated their engine in almost 2 years. transfer Ad-aware and Spy Bot and use them weekly. These are free programs you can come on with a simple Goggle search, download and install. The updates are free also. These programs will find most of the pesky programs you dont want on your computer.Back up your data. All your MS Office data files .doc, .xls, .ppt .mdb, email, jpeg pictures, etc. If you have a CD burner, you can copy 750mb on each disk. If you have a videodisk burner, you can save 4.7GB on each diskDont use "file-sharing" programs that let in you to download music, movies and applications from other people. You never know exactly what you are getting. I have seen some of t he most evil stuff coming from these places. Besides, most of that is stealing anyway. Would you want to write or produce something only to see it all over the net right after its release?If you have a broadband connection, USE A ROUTER. I cant say it enough. With a broadband connection, Cable or DSL, you are on "open" IP speech communication on the internet.

Comparing West Side Story and The Outsiders :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

West Side business relationship and The Outsiders   West Side tale is a book about deuce cabals living in a large city. The Outsiders is a book with the aforementioned(prenominal) concept, twain gangs that atomic number 18 archrivals. Even though two different authors wrote these books during two different time periods, they have the same story line. These books are realistic, because gang rivalry is still going on today. They are different, since they were written separately. Also, two these books have different problems between the main characters. Still, West Side Story and The Outsiders have many similarities.   First, both books have two opposing gangs. In West Side Story, the Puerto Ricans make up the Sharks, and the Americans make up the Jets. In The Outsiders, the wealthy teenagers make up the Socs, and the low class youths make up the Greasers. Both gangs are rivals, constantly meshing to try and prove themselves passkey to one another. One ga ng from each book, the Greasers and the Sharks, are typically the ones that are looked down upon by others. They are poor and usually cannot afford many things. On the other side, the Socs and the Jets are the superior gangs. They control most of the town, and ordinarily beat up other gangs.   And you cant win against them no matter how ruffianly you try, because theyve got all the breaks and even whipping them isnt going to change that fact. pg. 11 The Outsiders   In both books, these two gangs decide to have a rumble, a fight with all the members of the two gangs. This is one similarity between these books.   Another thing in common with the books is that in a fight between the gangs, someone is killed. In West Side Story, during the rumble, Bernardo kills Riff. Tony takes his revenge by killing Bernardo. He does this because Riff was like a brother to Tony. Similarly, in The Outsiders, Bob was drowning Ponyboy. To harbor his friend from harm, Johnny kills Bob with his switchblade. Because of the situation the boys had put themselves into, they needed to encourage themselves, and this was the only way they thought might work.   I had to.

Mother’s Last Days :: Personal Narrative Profile Essays

Mothers put up DaysWel tot to the Glenbrook Retirement Home. May I ask who you ar visiting? Oh yes, you must be Mrs. Mitchells son. She talks about you so often. Right this way.Ignore the other patients peeking from behind their doors. Walk past them, pop out the long hallway. You argon the outsider here. Dont forget that you are now the crazy one, not them. In this place, sanity is like a dream that you struggle to remember wear uponeout the day.Scott, so nice to elate you again. Its been a while since your last visit. She asks about you every day. Shes just inside, go on in.How is she today doctor? Ask anyway, fifty-fifty though the answer never changes.Touch and go, really, no way to sort what will set her off. Honestly, shes had better days. You dont put on to stay long. Just let her know youre here and wherefore you can be on your way. expand the door that is the first step. Open it slowly, dont frighten her. She is like a child, and you the careful parent. exploit no t to cringe as you walk into the small room that your fuck off now calls home. move not to smell the musty odor that pervades everything. Try not to adore what sort of purgatory you have confined her to.Who the hell do you think you are? Get out of my room Doctor, doctor fondle her hand as she whimpers. Stroke her wispy white hair and wonder why no one bothers to brush it any more.Its me, mom. Its me. thick-skulled breaths. Just start talking, thats the only way to get through this visit. Tell her one more time who you are. Tell her one more time about her grandchildren, her grandchildren who are too afraid of her screaming fits to come with you anymore. Tell her about your job and your new house. Tell her all of these things so she can forget them again. Know that is all that she can do.I dont know you. Ive never seen you out front. Awayget onward from me. Tell her your name, enumerate her that you love her, that youre here for her. Show her pictures of the kids, tell her ab out Lisas school play and Taylors soccer game. She was the star. He scored the winning goal.Stay for as long as you can this time, before saying, I really have to go now mother.

Recycling:The Technology of Conserving :: Environmental Environment

RecyclingThe Technology of ConservingI. America Thinks Trash everywhere the past two decades, the U.S. Public has embraced a remarkable hobby recycling. The sense of threatening environmental issues and recycling programs have been growing parallel to for each unrivalled other. Despite vast and compelling evidence against recycling, the American public has go along to practice daily rituals of sorting out items from their own trash. After rendering the arguments posed by the anti-recyclers, making sure to acknowledge the truth and treat over generalizations and flaws, a prevailing question arises Is recycling necessary with our proficient advances? II. The History of GarbagePopulation when unchecked increases in a geometric ration. Subsistence increases save in an arithmetical ratio. -Thomas Roberto Malthus (1798) The world has inevitable had its sh are of comprehend into the future. An energy crisis in the middle of the 19th century was caused by the diminish supply of wh ales. In 1905, President Roosevelt announced a timber dearth. In 1929, the United States was proclaimed to have a mere sevensome year supply of petroleum left. It was also predicted by several ecologists, including capital of Minnesota Ehrlich, one of the worlds better-known scientists and author of The Population turkey, that in the 1970s or 80s the world would suffer a terrible famine and eventually starve to death. no. only did the widely fear popular sightings non occur, scarce things were actually getting less scarce as population grew. 8Did we get mickley? Yes and No. Yes because the scarcity forced prices to increase and forced creative and ingenious minds to bring into being new resources. No because new uses for resources existed, we just had not discovered them. Furthermore, luck did not take care of the problem, hard work towards solutions did. Are we racetrack out? Fossil fuels and most minerals are more abundant than in the past--that is, they are more readil y available and cheaper than they used to be. Most resources are so plentiful that they will last for centuries (6). Resources are abundantly available, but like anything else in this world, if we abuse, we will have unfortunate consequences. Maybe not complete extinction or mass starvation, but definitely casteless problems which could have been prevented. So, we might not run out of oil and one sighs with content. However, it is not necessarily a good thing. More oil manner more pollution. III. Two-Faced TrashHumanitys destiny is debated by two opposing views in the recycling world. The ecologist and the economist.

History, Literature, Anthropology: Contextualizing Human Meaning :: Essays Papers

History, Literature, Anthropology Contextualizing Human Meaning As culture is the intersection point of kind thought (217), Cohn advocates seeing how meanings are contextualized to better interpret write up and produce practised scholarship (221). In keeping with this awareness of human thought, Anderson contextualizes the cultural roots of home(a)ism through the evolution of early American literature and print-language (7), relying heavily on the historical development of European literacy in developing a national imagination. In doing so, Andersons analysis of nationalism reflects Cohns maxim, that anthropology can became sic much anthropological in becoming more historical (216). Through Andersons contextualizing of nationalism through historical literary trends, his anthropological scholarship is, by Cohns estimation, more true unto itself. Unearthing origins of national consciousness, Anderson examines the development of national memory through literacy and vernacularisms . Believing nationalism to be a cultural construct of political revolutions, merging social ideologies and a natural emphasis on national print-languages (Anderson 46), Anderson declares that men challenged the sacredness of existing societies with sassy conceptions of land and nation through the circulation and spread of shared languages (Anderson 36). Driving a wedge between cosmology and history through Enlightenment discoveries, divinely ordained realities lost clout and cultural artefacts of the eighteenth century similar individual human rights and personal sovereignty, translated from old world to impertinently (Anderson 36). With new languages-of-power in fixating systems of speech, nations built self-identity, and men began to see themselves in profoundly new ways (Anderson 36). Cohn reasserts history and anthropology as dovetailing disciplines, whose scholarship exists outside of this time and all the same rooted in common reality. Floating in imaginary lands of epist emology and printed research, good scholarship relies on a historian with fewer sources and stouter boots (Tawney, qted in Cohn, 221). Historians in and of itself

protest song report :: essays research papers

Report on Protest line This Bomb has Got to Go by Peggy Seeger and Ewan MacColl.Peggy Seeger and Ewan MacColl were popular Folk musicians prior to and during the Vietnam War Era. They had a love of humanity and a great desire for justice and cessation in the world. The subjects of their rimes were real people in a real world. They wrote and sang about survival. Their lyrics were simple and sometimes traditional melodies formed the basis of their songs. Their musical equipment was mostly acoustic and they performed to large audiences throughout the world. They released many albums.A favorite(a) two-eyed violet march song around 1963 was That Bomb has Got to Go. In this song Seeger and MacColl describe the feelings and relate the events surrounding the times of the 1960s when many nations were arming themselves for fight and they warn of the dangers of using all bombs(including nuclear bombs)as weapons.This can be seen through such lyrics as fall out here and fall out there an d strontium cardinal everywhere. The song also describes their prophetic dream where the Prime Minister calls for disarming in an over-crowded world and the Tories see the light.The main points of the song tell about the size of it of the bomb and the number of people one bomb can kill. It tells of the hopes of of age(predicate) folk, children at school, and the newly-born Prince, all of whom have a plan to march to battle of Trafalgar Square, London to protest That Bomb Has Got to GoThe purpose of the song is to get on the audience to take action and to attend the protest march which ends in the gathering of protestors at Trafalgar Square, London, where the politicians, the Queen, the Prime Minister would notice them and be forced to re-think their Defence Policies.The lyrics, I dreamed the Tories saw the light and MacMillan (the Prime Minister) spoke in Parliament, lets stop this damned rearmament indicate that the songwriters believed that their cause would result in no-hit disarmament and ban of nuclear bombs. Even the newly-born prince who could not yet passport was supposed to have said Were marching to Trafalgar Square, ... to declare THAT bombard HAS GOT TO GO.Because everyone, including babies and old folk were marching, the audience would have felt compelled to join in. They were be positioned to feel that it was normal to protest.The song appeals to all persons who want to see peace in an overcrowded world, to those who want to live to a ripe old age, and to those persons who practice the prosperous rule.

Market Failure and Government Intervention :: Papers

food commercialize Failure and Government InterventionThis essay impart examine the notion of trade harm and the measures that governments take remedy the failure of the commercialize.The concept of accurate merchandise allocation of resources was in W. Baumols (1988,631), view largly theroretical. Baumol believed that sparing models relied upon the concept of the imperceptible hand first discussed by Adam Smith. In these models, the perfectly competetive delivery was able to allocate resources efficiently, without the need for grocery preventative by removed agents, including governments. However, there were significant weaknesses in these models particuarly in the vault of heaven of ensuring uprightness of acess, amicable objectives and in the provision of cosmos goods.Ensuring equity of acess, meeting social objectives and providing public goods.were considered the main reasons wherefore the public sector provided goods. wherefore governments interve ned in the market was due mainly to charactoristics of the market prescribe. If the market tooshie was to function efficiently, some(prenominal) conditions needed to exsist, including,*Freedom of choice*Certainty of implore *Miniminal externalities*ExcludabilityIn access to these prerequisites, the perfect market required perfect consumer and supplier information, no rip seeking behaviour and no moral stake existed. If these conditions were not met, market mechanisms would fail to produce the efficient allocation of resources. P. Groenewegen (1990,2) argued that governments intervened in the market place with the,... earth sector... being engaged in the providing sevices (and in some cases goods) whose reaching and variety ar determined not by the direct wishes of the consumers, moreover by the the decisions of government bodies.This view implies that governments intervene for more reasons, including the re dispersional and stablisation functions. While mar ket failure is one reason for intervention, other considerations, including questions of equity and social legal expert determined the nature and the extent of government intervention. This vertex was expanded upon by Groenewegen (1990,2) who argued that the extent of market intervention in the supply, distribution and redistibution of goods and services are not dictated by purly political and ideologic considerations, other considerations whitethorn play a role including the failure of the market in certain(a) instances to ensure efficient, equiable allocation of resources.Another reason why governments intervened in the market place was to ensure the provision of public goods. Public goods are generally comodities that are socially desiralbe but cannot be financed finished the private sector.Market Failure and Government Intervention PapersMarket Failure and Government InterventionThis essay will examine the concept of market failure and the measures that governments take remedy the failure of the market.The concept of perfect market allocation of resources was in W. Baumols (1988,631), view largly theroretical. Baumol believed that economic models relied upon the concept of the invisible hand first discussed by Adam Smith. In these models, the perfectly competetive economy was able to allocate resources efficiently, without the need for market intervention by outside agents, including governments. However, there were significant weaknesses in these models particuarly in the area of ensuring equity of acess, social objectives and in the provision of public goods.Ensuring equity of acess, meeting social objectives and providing public goods.were considered the main reasons why the public sector provided goods. Why governments intervened in the market was due mainly to charactoristics of the market place. If the market place was to function efficiently, several conditions needed to exsist, including,*Freedom of choice*Certainty of de mand *Miniminal externalities*ExcludabilityIn addition to these prerequisites, the perfect market required perfect consumer and supplier information, no rent seeking behaviour and no moral hazard existed. If these conditions were not met, market mechanisms would fail to produce the efficient allocation of resources. P. Groenewegen (1990,2) argued that governments intervened in the market place with the,... Public sector... being engaged in the providing sevices (and in some cases goods) whose scope and variety are determined not by the direct wishes of the consumers, but by the the decisions of government bodies.This view implies that governments intervene for many reasons, including the redistributional and stablisation functions. While market failure is one reason for intervention, other considerations, including questions of equity and social justice determined the nature and the extent of government intervention. This point was expanded upon by Groenewegen (1990,2) w ho argued that the extent of market intervention in the supply, distribution and redistibution of goods and services are not dictated by purly political and ideological considerations, other considerations may play a role including the failure of the market in certain instances to ensure efficient, equiable allocation of resources.Another reason why governments intervened in the market place was to ensure the provision of public goods. Public goods are generally comodities that are socially desiralbe but cannot be financed through the private sector.

Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeares Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Banquo as the Victim of Macbeth The reader finds in Shakespeares Macbeth that the subterfuge and machinations of evilly inclined people do not pay off. On the other hand, the progeny of the honest result rule the kingdom. This paper is the horizontal surface of Banquo the innocent. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that Banquo is a man to be feared by Macbeth in like manner Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene where Banquo is head start for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new King and his chief customer is artificial on both sides. In pretending that he is virtually to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth . . . is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo dishonor deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning To be thus is nothing, he reflects that Banquo would resist a great deal, and yet his daring is accompan ied by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a man to be feared. (56-57) In Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack explains how the rig out upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo His King James family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose archives Banquo is Macbeths accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his royalty of character and the dauntless temper of his mind (3.1.50). Many critics see a remarkable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo (What, testament the line stretch out to th crack of doom? (186) Clark and Wright in their portal to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the contribute, fasten in opposition to Macbeth Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which image his mind as they had c omputeed Macbeths, but which work no evil thither, is coif over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty. (792) In Fools of beat Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquos ghost in this shoo-in Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeares tragedies that is not connected with the take away of the order-figures.Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth essaysBanquo as the Victim of Macbeth The reader finds in Shakespeares Macbeth that the art and machinations of evilly inclined people do not pay off. On the other hand, the progeny of the honest will rule the kingdom. This paper is the novel of Banquo the innocent. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that Banquo is a man to be feared by Macbeth in any event Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene wh ere Banquo is scratch line for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new King and his chief guest is artificial on both sides. In pretending that he is round to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth . . . is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo leave out deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning To be thus is nothing, he reflects that Banquo would make bold a great deal, and yet his daring is accompanied by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a man to be feared. (56-57) In Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack explains how the caparison upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo His King James family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose narrative Banquo is Macbeths accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his royalt y of spirit and the dauntless temper of his mind (3.1.50). Many critics see a notable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo (What, will the line stretch out to th crack of doom? (186) Clark and Wright in their opening to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeths, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty. (792) In Fools of snip Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquos ghost in this play Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeares tragedies that is not connected with the slaughter of the order-figures.