Prevalence Of Chlamydia Health And Social Care Essay

As before stated, chlamydia is the almost prevailing depend onu wholey transmitted transmittal in the United States and is an of import public health issue. As a soundless infection with severe set up for big(p) females, promiseing the incidence of chlamydia is an of import issue for nurses advancing adolescent wellness and those who encounter sterility and ectopic gestation in their pattern ( Stewart & A Sparrow Center, 2005 ) . It is estimated that there be three million new infections each(prenominal) twelvemonth ( Adderley-Kelly & A Stephens, 2005 ) .Numerous prevalence surveies in affiliate clinic populations spend a penny shown that sexually officious striplings have higher order of Chlamydia infections ( Adderley-Kelly & A Stephens, 2005 ) . In measuring and placing chlamydia infections quickly, the effects of wellness results will be decreased. This muckle intends to escort into whether or non early examen consequences to the de jam and early sensing of c hlamydia among fledgeless large females aged 13 to 25. In order to steer the proposed look inquiries of this espouse, this literature reappraisal discusses important surveies and research that have been undertaken in relation to testing for chlamydia infection.Prevalence of ChlamydiaChlamydia is the universe s most normally account sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) ( World wellness Organization WHO , 2009 ) . Its effects particularly to enceinte females are particularly serious pelvic rabble-rousing diseases, ectopic gestation, and sterility. A greater concern among wellness attention practicians is the item that chlamydia is mostly symptomless hence, testing becomes important in observing instances in order to cut humble prevalence and the peril of complications. the addition prises of chlamydia.Meyers, Halverson, & A Luckhaupt ( 2007 ) stated that if left undiagnosed and untreated, chlamydia airss several(prenominal)(prenominal) negative wellness results for pr egnant each bit good as non-pregnant large females. Complications originating from chlamydia could allow in pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility, chronic pelvic hurting among non-pregnant adult females, chorioamnionitis, pre-term labour, premature rupture of membranes, preterm bringing, natural abortion, endometritis, and low birth weight in pregnant adult females.Harmonizing to the CDC s Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Annual Report in 2007, chlamydia prevalence is increasing because of a figure of gage component parts. This is particularly true(p) among the younger populations of adult females. CDC ( 2007 ) stresses that the usage of take a chanceous sexual behaviours, usage of non-barrier arctic method, lack of reading, and deficiency of testing contribute to the intensifying rates of chlamydia infection. Furthermore, several barriers lead to proper proving and diagnosing among sexually active immature adult females. Adolescents are loath to seek out provin g or care on their sexual wellness because of ignorance, deficiency of consciousness, deficiency of clip, deficiency of transit to the clinics, and disinclination to be unfastened about sexual wellness issues. These barriers, harmonizing to the CDC ( 2007 ) , must be taken down for any intercession plan to win in cut downing chlamydia prevalent rates.Importance of ScreeningCentral to the guarantee in cut downing chlamydia prevalence is proper showing of disobedient populations such as immature adult females aged less than 25 honest-to-goodness ages old ( Alexander, 2006 ) . The function of doctors and nursing professionals are important because they are in an first-class place to supply showing, hazard appraisal, and intervention every bit good as provide guidance and instruction plans to counter infection. Literature has withal suggested that testing reduces the hazard of chlamydia infection among sexually active immature adult females.Recommendations for one-year showing for chlamydia among sexually active females has been a top precedence of the CDC beginning 1993. A written report by Fiscus et Al. ( 2004 ) examined the rate of testing follow outd by sexually active females. In a subjectly-implemented longitudinal valuate of misss belonging in classs 7 until 12 all across the United States, Fiscus and co-workers obtained site-of-care studies, proving studies, studies for intervention to pick up how many of sexually experience immature misss received one-year showing as recommended by the CDC. A sum of 3,987 sexually active immature misss were participants to Beckon 1 of the alleged National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The survey found that testing among sexually active immature misss was unequal and may be a major lending factors to the lifting degrees of chlamydia incidence among adolescent misss.A clinical survey conducted by Nelson and Helfand ( 2001 ) aimed to analyze the effectivity of testing for the bar of Chlamydia infection . This survey was conducted in visible radiation of the recommendation made by the U. S. Preventive go Task Force to implement testing in order to forestall the incidence of Chlamydia infection. A big population of male and female participants served as the survey s sample. Questionnaires were mailed and include inquiries on demographic features and cognomen of a figure of hazard factors such as multiple sex spouses, non-use of barrier prophylactic method or rubbers, and old history of STD infection. The survey conclude that showing is an hard-hitting signifier of intercession to cut down chlamydia infection among bad groups peculiarly pregnant and non-pregnant adult females.Mertz et al. , ( 2001 ) conducted a non-experimental and retroactive survey to measure the railway yard behind high incidence of economically disadvantage immature misss with ages 16 to 24 old ages populating in an urban country. The survey concluded that hazardous sexual behaviour ( for economic grounds ) , multiple sex spouses and non-use of rubbers are behind the 10 % incidence of chlamydia infection among the group of immature adult females. Furthermore, deficiency of entree or non-affordability of trials besides hindered immature adult females to take attention of their sexual wellness.Scholes et Al. ( 2006 ) conducted an experimental survey utilizing randomized control test design to measure whether showing is an effectual scheme to cut down incidence of Chlamydia infection. The showing scheme proposed included the designation, proving, and intervention of adult females identified to belong to bad groups. Intervention plans such as proviso of rubbers, instruction and consciousness, and sexual wellness focal visor group treatments were utilize. Women participants were sexually active females aged below 26 old ages old and adult females aged more than 26 and below 35 old ages old. After a 12-month follow up showing, it was found that chlamydia incidence decreased by 51 per cen tum.A reappraisal of literature conducted by Weinstock, Berman, and Cates ( 2004 ) suggested that proper and precise monitoring of the prevalence of chlamydia infection among immature masses was important in bar attempts. Weinstock and co-workers analyzed topic instance studies, national studies, old literature reappraisals, and WHO datasets to analyze prevalence and place intercessions used. The writers identified several obstructions that hindered bar attempts. The major obstruction identified is the symptomless nature of the infection, which delegacy that the disease can travel on without being detected. The writers recommended the execution of planetary testing plans to supervise and forestall the intensifying rates of STDs and STIs.A longitudinal survey implemented at a national degree from 2000 to 2001 by Ford, Jacard, Millstein, Bardsley, and Miller ( 2004 ) found that stripling s perceptual experiences on their hazard of infection is extremely prognostic of their results in testing and intervention of chlamydia and gonorrhoea. The writers suggested that when striplings buzz off accurate single hazard appraisals, they are more likely to betroth wellness advancing behaviours such as contraceptive method and arctic sex. Ford and his co-workers studied the relationship between demographic and wellness features to report hazard of infection among two groups 1 ) a sample of sexually active striplings with ages runing from 18 to 16 and 2 ) a subsample of striplings diagnosed with gonorrhoea of chlamydia. The survey found that merely 14 % of the entire respondents perceived they were at hazard for infection while more than 30 per centum of septic respondents reported sensed hazard. The writers suggested that instruction and awareness plans should be implemented to increase the truth of perceptual experiences of hazard among adolescent young person.A survey conducted by Karaer, Avsar, and Batioglu ( 2006 ) aimed to find the hazard factors that contribu te to ectopic gestation, which is still a top factor for high maternal morbidity and mortality rates among pregnant adult females. The survey focused on placing hazard factors perceived to be a consequence of Chlamydia infections left untreated. Karaer and co-workers examined 225 instances and 375 control groups to look for commonalty in assorted demographic and behavioural features. Among the factors evaluated were demographic features, smoke, gynaecological history, surgical history, obstetric history, prophylactic use and aided gestation. The survey found that among other hazard factors, PID stood as the most of import for doing ectopic gestation. While the survey admit deficiency of representativeness and deficiency of generalizability, the writers recommended that enhanced instruction and consciousness among adult females and the hazard factors could let an accurate and timely diagnosing of ectopic gestation.A national longitudinal survey conducted by Crosby and Danner ( 2008 ) cute to analyze how attitudes and beliefs among striplings were prognostic of geting STI or STD during early maturity. The survey hypothesized that the sexual wellness attitudes of striplings peculiarly refering STDs will foreshadow whether or non they will be infected with STD when they become grownups. This survey used informations from Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and measure the prevalence of STDs such as gonorrhoea, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalia. In add-on, self-report steps were administered to 8,297 striplings who besides provided urine samples for analysis. Self-report steps indicated that there was a general deficiency of instruction and consciousness among striplings about STDs or STIs. Test consequences for STDs during early maturity suggested that those who had accurate perceptual experiences on sexual wellness issues were less likely to guide STD. The findings suggest that supplying striplings with instruction and greater consciousness will most likely avert STD infection in the old ages to come.In a survey on the effectivity of testing among Norwegians, Skjeldestad, Marsico, Sings, Nordbo, and Storvold ( 2009 ) conducted a longitudinal age group survey that started in December 2007 and ended in April 2009. The survey wanted to place hazard factors associated with repetition chlamydia infection among adult females aged 24 old ages and younger. A sample of 898 Norse adult females participated in the survey. information aggregation used questionnaires, urine samples for chlamydia testing and needed clinical signifiers, medical checkup records, and other pertinent paperss. Participants were tested for inclusion, and tested once more as a followup. The writers were able to reason that the major cause of reinfection among Norse adult females was a old chlamydia infection. Furthermore, rubber usage during intercourse besides revealed to be a hindrance for reinfection among adult females ( Skjel destad, 2009 ) .DrumheadThe surveies examined for this literature reappraisal revealed that chlamydia is a serious wellness job among striplings and that showing as a agency of bar remains unequal. The reappraisal besides highlighted the hazard factors associated with chlamydia infection and reinfection. Factors identified include holding multiple sex spouses, old STD infection, and the non-use of rubbers or barrier contraceptive methods. Surveies reviewed here which aimed at measuring testing as a bar method for chlamydia used the longitudinal design and involved big samples. urine trying seems to be the most prevailing method of proving for chlamydia. Restrictions of the surveies reviewed include non-representativeness and deficiency of control.