One Day on the River Essay Example for Free

One Day on the River EssayElijah has grander and more dangerous dreams. Having been largely acculturated by a residential give lessons upbringing before escaping into the forest to live with Xavier and Niska, he has acquired the dubious skills of public relations and boastfulness as much as the crafts of the hunter. His English, learned from the nuns, is impeccable, and he makes his polarity among the men in the trenches as much by the flash of his storytelling as by his murderous midnight prowls in no mans land. Gradually Elijah becomes absorbed by two great obsessions a need for morphine, whose use is rampant up and down the lines, and an insatiable hunger for killing. Some French soldiers suggest that if he really wants to gain respect for all his kills, he should scalp his victims as evidence. He decides to do so, much to Xaviers disgust.In counterpoint to the exploits of Xavier and Elijah, Boyden interweaves the story of Niska, told as she paddles her wounded nephew back home after the war is over. Niska is part of the sad but admirable remnant of traditional inwroughts who refused to enter the reserves in the nineteenth century, choosing instead to live by their wits and traditional teachings in the woods.Subject to what modern medicine would call epileptic seizures, Niska is deemed by her tribe to have catching her fathers skills as a shaman and a windigo-killer. Since windigos manifest themselves in humans who have practiced cannibalism, getting rid of them involves what white community would call murder, and indeed Niskas father was executed as a murderer by the white courts. The constant crossing of the moral lines between the worldviews of native and white society is one of the many strengths of this fascinating novel.At one point, hunkered down in his snipers nest, Xavier indulges himself (and the reader) in a contemplation on the public figure three, which he sees as an obsession of his white commanders. Theres the front line, the suppor t line, and the reserve line, for starters. Theres the infantry, the cavalry, and the artillery. Off the battlefield, theres food, therefore rest, then women. In church, theres the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Not to mention the superstition about lighting three cigarettes with one match, a prime illustration for courting danger in the Great War. But then Xavier suddenly remembers Niskas traditional teaching, that those who are dying must walk the three-day road to death, and he wonders if we share something, some magic. Maybe it will help me get through all this.The real war hero, Peggy, makes a brief cameo appearance in the novel, which may not have been a wise choice on the authors part. The characters of Xavier and Niska and, to a slightly lesser extent, Elijah are full to the brim with demeanor theyre quite satisfying and believable as they are, and need no further stamp of authentication.

Blood Brothers Essay Example for Free

Blood Brothers EssayHoe does Russell create a sense of accent and skirmish for the audience amid Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone in the satisfy Blood Brothers ? Willy Russell creates a sense of tenseness and conflict between the two main female characters in the play which are Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons. Russell uses many different techniques to do this. Willy Russell creates a sense of tension and conflict for Mrs Johnstone flat because she is a mother with a lot of children, no husband, rattling little specie and she is pregnant. This creates a sense of tension and conflict because she is a single mother that has to take care of her children with very little money and she is in debt which she slang payment off Next week, next week. Next week never arrives around here, Id be a rich man if next week ever came this was utter by the milkman. This explains that she owes money to people and she cant pay them off, she keeps coming up with excuses. Mrs Johnstone gets a lot of ten sion and conflict in her life which affects her children mam, how come Im on free dinners?All the other kids laugh at me. This quote explains that because Mrs Johnstone is quite poor her children have to have free dinners and her children dont like that. Mrs Johnstone has conflict and tension because she cant fecundate her children properly ey mother Im starving an theres nothing in. There never bloody well is. This explains that Mr Johnstone can not get much food to feed her children because she has not got much money because she is the only person providing money in the family and she got quite a big family too.Willy Russell creates to a greater extent conflict and tension in the play for Mrs Johnstone because she has already got so many problems and she cant feed her children properly, then she hears that she is having twins, that creates tension and conflict immediately for her with one more baby we could have managed but not with two. The welfare have already been on me they say incapable of controllin the kids I already got. They say I should put some of them in care, but I wont, I love the bones of every one of them, but like they say in welfare kids cant live on love alone. This proves that Mrs Johnstone loves her children very much and she is threatened by welfare and she could not manage with one more m placeh to feed let alone two, so that creates tension and conflict immediately in Mrs Johnstones life. Mrs Johnstone got so many childrens because her husband was a womaniser. Willy Russell creates a sense of tension for Mrs Lyons because she is the complete opposite of Mrs Johnstone, she is a lone woman with no children although she has got money and a husband. Mrs Lyons has a big house to her self in which she passes time alone while her husband is always away for several months on business.This creates a sense of tension and conflict for Mrs Lyons because she bought a big house for her future children which she doesnt have actually Mrs Johnstone we bought such a large house for the- for the children. We cerebration children would came along. This quote proves that Mrs Lyons wants a child it is the emptiness she feels in her life. Mrs Lyons always dreamed about having a child of her own each day I shade out from this window, I see him with his friends, I hear him call, I rush down but as I fold my arms around him, hes gone.Was he ever there at all? Willy Russell creates more tension and conflict in the play when Mrs Lyons and Mrs Johnstone get together. Mrs Lyons creates a sense of tension and conflict for Mrs Johnstone immediately when she hears Mrs Johnstone is having twins. She asks Mrs Johnstone to give her one of the twins, she forces and sorts of persuades her by using excuses like already youre being threatened by the welfare people. Mrs Johnstone With two more children how can you possibly repeal some of them being put into care?At least if the child is with me youd be able to see him every day as you come to g ive Because of her excuses, Mrs Johnstone gives one of the twins away when they are born. Mrs Lyons creates more tension and conflict for Mrs Johnstone when she informs Mrs Johnstone that she has to leave her employment and she says she cant see her baby any more and she uses credulity They They say that if either twin learns that he once was a pair, they shall both immediately die.They shall be raised apart and never told what was once the truth. When Mrs Johnstone hears that she gets scared and that creates tension and conflict in Mrs Johnstones life. Mrs Johnstone creates a sense of tension and conflict for Mrs Lyons also because when the two brothers starts to grow up, they start becoming friends and then they become blood brothers, this creates tension and conflict for Mrs Lyons because she is trying to stop them finding out that they are real brothers and that Mrs Johnstone is the birth mother.Mrs Lyons son starts to get in trouble staying with Mickey who is Mrs Johnstones so n Mrs Johnstone creates more tension and conflict for Mrs Lyons when Mrs Lyons moves houses and goes away from Mrs Johnstone willing not to see them again, but Mrs Johnstone moves houses as well after some time then they find out that theyre in the some place living near to each other again and both of the brothers are growing up together.Finally to end this evidence I think Willy Russell used both tension and conflict . He did this by making Mrs Johnstone and Mrs Lyons like real life characters. Some of the problems they go with are similar to what people in real life would go through.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using Networks Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Using earningss Computer Science EssayIntroduction to networkComputer network or network is collection of figurers, printers and or so other(a) devices committed with each other through with(predicate) a connection medium and other suitable peripherals. The purpose of the connection is mainly delegate or contribution data, share of resources such(prenominal) as printers, finishs etc. The attached computing machines and devices may be in the same make or goat be Located in different part of the city, country or world. Appropriate connection medium, peripherals, software enable reckoners to transfer, and receive data such as text, pictures, video, sound through electronic ring armor, bear down transfer (ftp-file transfer communications communications protocol), web pages(http -hyper text transfer protocol) etc from one computer to another computer in the network securely.History of networkingThe first idea of computer networking was deve loped by J.C.R Licklider, a computer scientist in 1962. He was later appointed by U.S. Department of Defence at their research project c eithered ARPA (Advanced look into projects agency). ARPA was funding research for developing computer network to MIT. In 1966 first ARPAnet plan for packet switched network unveiled and in 1969 first official computer network was built amongst University of California Lon Angels (UCLA), Stanford Research Institute (SRA), University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) and University of Utah. The first cognitive content was sent from UCLA to SRI. In 1973 Arpanet goes global University College London and few other European organizations joined the network. In 1982 standardized Internet technology protocols TCP/IP (transmission throw protocol and Internet protocol) were developed which enable meshingworking among single sets of networks efficiently and commercial Internet services started to evolve. In 1991 World Wide Web was developed and Interne t became popular and expanded rapidly including dramatic rise of netmail drug users, text based discussion forum etc.Advantages and Disadvantages of exploitation networksAdvantagesDisadvantagesShare of Expensive ResourcesPrinter, fax machines, modem and other connected resources can be overlap.File and application sharingMajor advantage of network. User can access any file remotely from his computer to another computer with appropriate security measures. Applications similarly can be used without having installed in every computers of the network.Cost saving Sharing application by installing its network version saves cost of umpteen copies of individual application. Sharing devices such as printer, fax etc saves cost.Secured Files and application are password protected in network, which means only authorised person can access it. It is more secured than traditional file organization.SpeedMessage, Data, file can be transferred al to the highest degree instantly to any part of the world.Easy management software program can be installed in legion, also managing and troubleshooting can be performed in server. This eliminates the need of installing and managing software in hundreds of computers in an organization.System trouble innkeepers or connection faults stop accessing files or data. This can lead to loss of data and resources.Security issue data and file can be theft by hacker. This is the main drawback of computer networking. Computer viruses, spyware attack can lead to placement failure, data and resources loss.Expensive Equipment entanglementing equipments are expensive compare to traditional file system and communication method.Answer of criterion P1 (b)Remote AccessRemote access means accessing and using any file or application from a computer to another computer connected in the network. Both computers may located in same building or thousands miles away. Generally files or applications are accessed oer Internet, intranet or LAN with an authen tication process which determine the level of access of the user. For example, a sales staff of Barclays bank accessing loan authorisation database from his home through Internet.IntranetsIntranet is a private computer network mingled with an organization using Internet protocol and tools such and HTTP, file transfer application to share reading or application within the organizations. Typically, authorised users of an organization gain access files or applications in Intranet through a web page with their user realize and password. Staffs of the organizations also maintain internal communication in Intranet via email.Email is accessed via an email client such as Microsoft outlook, Eudora etc. this email clients use POP3 (post office protocol) and SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol) for receiving and sending mail. When an email is sent, the email client connect to the server after providing valid user name and password and verify the forebode of the recipient, if the address is correct it leaves the email on the server. When recipient checks his email, his email client connects to the POP3 server. POP3 server also requires a user name and password. After logging in email client bring the copy of email message to users computer and generally delete the message from the server. User than read or search email message in his computer.InternetInternet is the largest network in the world. It interconnects world wide networks of organisations, billions of computer users in one single network using Internet protocol (TCP/IP). Internet is a global data communication system with the largest resources of information and services such as World Wide Web, Email, file transfer protocol etc.Email in Internet works using SMTP, POP3, and IMAP. Users use email software or web page email program such as yahoo, hotmail etc for sending and receiving mail. This program connect user to the server for sending and receiving email similarly discussed in Intranet section. In Interne t SMTP server has communication between other SMTP servers in Internet. When an email sent SMTP server check the address and send the mail to recipient email server. Similarly when recipient checks the email using POP3 it does the same as discussed earlier. IMAP (Internet mail access protocol) is more advanced protocol which provides better features than POP3. In IMAP email is kept in the server. User can formulate email in different folders and they stays in the server. It enables users accessing mail from any computer any time as email resides in the server.LANs (Local Area Networks)Network in a limited geographical area such a home, office, school in same building or in different building within short distance. Each connected computer or devices are called node. Currently most wired LAN connects using Ethernet technology.Fig LAN macabre (Wide Area Network) unhinged connects networks over a large geographical area such city, state or over countries. It uses routers and combinatio n of communication channels such as public communication get together, air waves, etc.Fig WANMANs (Metropolitan area network)MANs connect two or more LAN within a same city or town. It normally connects two or more branch of an organisation within the same city using routers, switch, and hub. It often connects through public communication link.Fig MANsNetworked applicationAn application software which can be shared on a network from connected computer by an authorise user. Networked application is normally installed on server of a network, and authorise users of that network (LAN/WAN) can access and work with that application from their workstation. This application utilizes Internet or other network hardware infrastructure to perform useful functions.Answer of Criterion P2Description of Devices/ Hardware/ softwareNumber of unit and unit equipment casualtyPricePerformanceSecurityUtilityWorkstationCOMPAQ Presario CQ5305UK-m Desktop PC with MonitorCPU- Intel Core2 Duo 2.1 GHzOS Wind ows 7.015359538520 work station is connected using netgear switch provides a full duplex very high 100 mbps data transmission speed over a 100baseTX connection with UTP CAT6 cable. dell powerEdge server with Windows server 2008 R2 standard edition gives efficient and secured file sharing and print server functions, remote access, application sharing.Windows server 2008 R2 edition has an increased skill and service with windows 7.0 clients operating system.Microsoft Windows 2008 server R2 edition network OS have enhanced security features to prevent server form hackers, and gives a solid expert environment for networking.Kaspersky Business space security software provides real time protection to the server and work stations against harmful virus, spyware, and other harmful internet treats. its constantly monitor and scan all open or modified files and application. It isolate any infected workstationon the network to prevent the server from organism infected and clean the workstatio n.This LAN will enable the users of this organization share file and information whenever they needed from their work station. They are able to print any document from their printer using network printer. Sharing printers and applications saves companys cost and increased productivity.ServerDELL PowerEdge T110CPU Intel Core i3 2.93 GHzNet OS Windows Server 2008 R2 standard edition + 20 CALs (client access license)11359SwitchNETGEAR JGS524 Gigabit Switch -24 ports1237Cables200 m UTP ( CAT 6 )42ConnectorNetwork connector RJ-452 pack( 25 in a pack)4 each8UPS(UPS provides uninterrupted power supply to the server and prevent server failure due to an event of power cut).APC Smart-UPS 2200VA1588Security SoftwareKaspersky Business Space Security for 20 workstation and 1 windows 2008 server.1 year subscribtion587Answer of Criterion P3Overview of network Operating systemA network operation system is a set of software that control and manages computers, printers and other devices connected in a network. it allows computers to share file and devices connected in the network. It is installed on a computer called server which centrally maintain the network.There are numerous Net OS from different vendors in the market. Among them most popular areWindows NT, Windows Server from Microsoft,UnixNovel Netware from Novel Inc.Apple Share from AppleRegardless of vendors all Net OS works by providing following functions and services to the client and serverFile and print sharingAccounts administrations for usersSecuritySome basic features of a network operating system are-Add , remove and modify users, workstations, devices in the networkAdd, Remove and configure application software to be used and shared by the users on the networkControl and manage users and their accessAllow and control users to share data, application and devices such as printer, fax etc.Allows users to transfer data from one computer to another computer in the networkMange security and privilege.Security I mplications of network useThe computer connected in a network is vulnerable to intruder such as hackers and intrusion programs. Also virus, malware, spyware, worms on the network attack the system. Those attacks may results valuable information theft, system failure and data loss or even irrecoverable damages to the system. Intruder gain access and control of the system by using some methods as described below-Back door and remote administered programSpam emailEmail virusTrojan Horse programHidden filesTo keep the system secure there are some security measure should be taken.System needs to be password protected, password should be changed regularly and shouldnt be disclosed to anyoneSystem should have latest software update.Antivirus, firewall, anti spyware should be installed and should be updated regularly.Suspicious email shouldnt be opened.File or program shouldnt be opened from unknown sourcesDisable hidden file extensionDisconnect from network when pc is not in use.Software L icensing IssuesSoftware licensing is an agreement between user and software manufacturer. software using conditions and distribution limitations. Software is intellectual property and protected by copyright laws. When a software is obtained from any sources users enters into some legal bindings set out by the manufacturer or distributor on how this software may be used. These includes but not limited to poesy of users, distribution rights and limitation, resale rights and limitations, reproduction and modification limitations etc. Most of the commercial software comes with license when purchased off the selves. Some software license is bundled with specific hardware or new system, call OEM License. There are different categories of software license-Propitiatory Software own by a company or individuals and not go off or open sourced. Redistribution or reproduction is generally not allowed or limitedFreeware and Open source software Generally free and permits user to modify, manifo ld and distribute according to their own preferenceShareware, Trial ware is propitiatory software but provided free to user to use for a limited layover of time for testing. Reproduction is not permitted but distribution may be permitted with certain conditionsConstrains on Capacity and performanceEvery Network has limited readiness of transferring and receiving data. this capacity (bandwidth) depends on the several factors such as device and medium used, price etc. each users of a network share the bandwidth and everyone is effecting the performance of the network. For example, if user sends a very large video or animation file to another computer in the network which most likely to use most of the capacity of the network, which will make the network very slow to other users. Thus performance is affected, in some cases packet or data losses may occur due to overloading of network. When a packet is lost, retransmission of packets attempted and this cause delay of receiving and se nding data.Answer of Criterion P5Relationship of Various Protocols, devices of network with OSI-7 mould modelApplication(Layer 7)Http-Hyper text Transfer ProtocolTelnetFTP- File transfer protocolPresentation(Layer 6Jpeg, Gif, avi, mov, mpeg etcSession(Layer 5)NetBios Names, RPC, AppleTalk, WinsockTransport(Layer 4)TCP, UDP,SPXNetwork(Layer 3)IP, IPX, AppleTalk DDPRouterData link(Layer 2)Frame Relay, HDLC, ATM, IEEE 802.3/802.2/802.5 EthernetSwitch, BridgePhysical story(Layer 1)Ethernet, 802.3, 802.5, Token ringRepeater, HubEthernet Most commonly used protocol for LAN. Ethernet fits into the Data link layer and Physical layer of OSI model and deal with the hardware of the network. it define about the type of media, connectors, characteristics, use of wires, shape of connectors etc.HDLC High-level Data link Control used for point-to-point WAN link.TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet protocol. These pair of protocol allows one network to communicate with another by creatin g logical address, part of large data into small packets, data encapsulation, error recovery etc.UDP User datagram Protocol. Transmit data from one host to another without establishing a preliminary connection. It simply transmits data without knowing if the data is transmitted correctly thus unreliable.ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol carry error recovery data, control data such as destination unreachable, echo request, etc between two hostHttp Hyper text transfer protocol,FTP File transfer protocolSMTP truthful mail transfer protocol

Java and Bluetooth Technologies

coffee tree and Bluetooth TechnologiesCHAPTER IINTRODUCTION1.1 Project Background receiving set technologies be becoming much and more popular around the world. Consumers appreciate the wireless lifestyle, relieving them of the well agnisen cable chaos that tends to grow under their desk. Nowadays, the world would virtu whole(prenominal)y stop if wireless communication theory suddenly became unavailable. Both our way of life and the global economy ar exceedingly dependent on the flow of information through wireless mediums worry television and radio set. Cell mobilises submit become highly available during the last decade. Now virtu solelyy everyone owns a kiosk skirt, making people available about wherever they ar. Many companies ar highly dependent on their employees having cell shouts, some companies have til now decided not to employ stationary phone systems but instead use cell phones exclusively throughout the organization. New wireless technologies argon introduced at an increasing rate. During the last hardly a(prenominal) forms the IEEE 802.11 technologies have started to spread rapidly, enabling consumers to set up their own wireless lucres. This constitutes an important change in how wireless communications argon made available to consumers. Wireless ne iirks are no longer provided by big corporations alone, they gouge just as well be run throughed by individuals. Our society is becoming more and more dependent on wireless communications as new areas of use are introduced.The Bluetooth wireless technology is too spreading rapidly. The number of Bluetooth chipsets shipped per year has doubled from 2002 to a total of 69 million chipsets in 2003. The majority of these Bluetooth chipsets are used in liquid phones. An interesting aspect is that consumers are highly dependent on having a cell phone, and the Bluetooth technology is included in the majority of new cell phones. The Bluetooth technology will in that locationfore s pread because of the familiar need for cell phones. As an increasing number of useful Bluetooth applications become available, many consumers will already have Bluetooth guiles and be ready to start victimization Bluetooth PANs (Personal Area Networks) where in every last(predicate) their Bluetooth devices communicate with one an some separate.The number of Java enabled mobile phones worldwide is over 250 million and the number of Java enabled mobile phones will elapse to increase. Java enabled mobile phones have already been on the market for some years. Due to the very resource constrained mobile phones available a few years ago, Java applications were not very sophisticated and did not hit the mass-market the way many had hoped. As seen in the rest of the software and hardware industry, games lam an important role in driving the development of both hardware and software forward. It is therefore interesting to see that a large market has push throughd tardily for Java ga mes targeting mobile devices. Processing power, available memory, screen size, and screen resolution are increasing as new Java enabled mobile devices enter the market. newly released Java applications are accordingly sophisticated, and will succor to spread the Java technology usage even still.The Java APIs for Bluetooth Wireless Technology (JABWT) ties the Java technology and the Bluetooth technology together. JABWT is made available in some of the latest smart phones and will in all probability be available withal in low-end cell phones in the in store(predicate). One foundation easily imagine different scenarios where JABWT would be useful, e.g. the functionality of existing Java games is extended to support multi-player games using Bluetooth connectivity. Other interesting scenarios emerge as well, such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a consumer using a Java Bluetooth enabled mobile phone to pay for a soda pop by connecting to a Bluetooth enabled soda vending-ma chine. A proper prediction is that JABWT will first find its use in multi-player Java games, making the Java and Bluetooth technologies well-known to consumers. Thereafter we will probably see separate types of Java Bluetooth applications, such as small-amount payment applications.This thesis gives a broad overview of Java and Bluetooth technologies, and a mobile peer-to-peer application that allows substance abusers to address their file cabinets such as text, images music at bottom a small Bluetooth network in a synchronized way.1.2 Aim of the ProjectThis aim is intentional to develop a personalized mobile file sharing system that allow users to share their resources without the aid of any central server.1.3 Motivation of the ProjectWith the availability of peer-to-peer mobile function operating on content sets, the need for a personalized file sharing Application rises. This project overcomes the requirements specified above by designinging a personalized file sharing s ystem that not tho(prenominal) allows people to share files to the strangers in a mobile peer-to-peer mobile network, but also identifies the unassailable mobile devices in an ad-hoc mobile social network which allows people to share and personalize the file sharing experience with the strangers in the network.1.4 Expected outcome of the projectThe Outcome of this project is to design a system that provides methods to share their files within the users in an adhoc network by identifying the secure mobile devices. The user not only shares there files with known entities but also has provisions to share the image, text and music files with unknown entities.1.5. Introduction to BluetoothBluetooth is a wireless communication protocol. Bluetooth is an always-on, short radio hookup that resides on a microchip. We kindle use Bluetooth to communicate to other Bluetooth-enabled devices. It was initially developed by Swedish mobile phone shootr Ericsson in 1994 as a way to let laptop computers ready calls over a mobile phone. Since then, several thousand companies have signed on to make Bluetooth the low-power short-range wireless mensuration for a wide range of devices. Industry observers expect Bluetooth to be installed in billions of devices by 2005.The concept female genital organ Bluetooth is to provide a universal short-range wireless capability. Using the 2.4 GHz band, available globally for unlicensed low-power uses, two Bluetooth devices within 10 m of distributively other can share up to 720 Kbps of capacity. Bluetooth is intended to support an open-ended list of applications, including selective information (such as schedules and telephone numbers), phone, graphics, and even video. For example, audio devices can include headsets, cordless and standard phones, home stereos, and digital MP3 players. Following are some examples of the capabilities that Bluetooth can provide consumersMake calls from a wireless headset committed externally to a cell phoneEliminate cables linking computers to printers, happen uponboards, and the mouseHook up MP3 players wirelessly to other machines to download musicSet up home networks so that a couch potato can remotely monitor air conditioning, the oven, and childrens Internet surfingCall home from a remote location to turn appliances on and off, set the alarm, and monitor activity.1.5.1 Applications of BluetoothBluetooth is designed to operate in an environment of many users. Up to eight devices can communicate in a small network called a piconet. Ten of these piconets can coexist in the same coverage range of the Bluetooth radio. To provide security, to each one link is encoded and protected against eavesdropping and interference.Bluetooth provides support for three general application areas using short-range wireless connectivityData and voice access focalizes Bluetooth facilitates real-time voice and selective information transmissions by providing effortless wireless community of p ortable and stationary communications devices short letter replacement Bluetooth eliminates the need for numerous, often proprietary cable attachments for connection of practically any kind of communications device. Connections are instant and are maintained even when devices are not within railway system of sight. The range of each radio is approximately 10 m, but can be extended to 100 m with an optional amplifierAd hoc networking A device equipped with a Bluetooth radio can establish instant connection to other Bluetooth radio as in short as it comes into range.1.5.2 Protocol ArchitectureBluetooth is defined as a layered protocol architecture consisting of core protocols, cable replacement and telephony control protocols, and espouse protocols.The core protocols form a five-layer destiny consisting of the following elementsRadio Specifies details of the air interface, including frequency, the use of frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmit power.Baseband Concern ed with connection memorial tablet within a piconet, addressing, packet format, timing, and power control.Link manager protocol (LMP) Responsible for link setup between Bluetooth devices and ongoing link management. This includes security aspects such as authentication and encryption, plus the control and negotiation of baseband packet sizes.Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP) Adapts upper-layer protocols to the baseband layer. L2CAP provides both connectionless and connection-oriented attend tos.Service scratchy protocol (SDP) Device information, services, and the characteristics of the services can be queried to enable the establishment of a connection between two or more Bluetooth devices.RFCOMM is the cable replacement protocol included in the Bluetooth specification. RFCOMM presents a virtual serial port that is designed to make replacement of cable technologies as transparent as possible. Serial ports are one of the most common types of communications in terfaces used with computing and communications devices. Hence, RFCOMM enables the replacement of serial port cables with the minimum of modification of existing devices. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and emulates EIA-232 control signals over the Bluetooth base band layer. EIA-232 (formerly known as RS-232) is a widely used serial port interface standard.The adopted protocols are defined in specifications issued by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into the overall Bluetooth architecture. The Bluetooth strategy is to invent only demand protocols and use existing standards whenever possible. These are the adopted protocolsuvulopalatopharyngoplasty The point-to-point protocol is an Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point linkTCP/UDP/IP These are the foundation protocols of the TCP/IP protocol suiteOBEX The objective exchange protocol is a session-level protocol developed by the infrared light Data Association (IrDA) for the exchange of objects. OBEX provides functionality similar to that of HTTP, but in a simpler fashion. It also provides a model for fiting objects and operations. Examples of content formats transferred by OBEX are vCard and vCalendar, which provide the format of an electronic business card and personal calendar entries and computer programming information, respectivelyWAE/WAP Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application environment and the wireless application protocol into its architecture.1.5.3 Bluetooth Usage ModelsA number of usage models are defined in Bluetooth write documents. In essence, a usage model is a set of protocols that implement a ill-tempered Bluetooth-based application. Each profile defines the protocols and protocol features supporting a particular usage model. Following are the highest-priority usage modelsFile transfer The file transfer usage model supports the transfer of directories, files, documents, images, and flow rateing media forma ts. This usage model also includes the capability to browse folders on a remote deviceInternet bridge With this usage model, a PC is wirelessly connected to a mobile phone or cordless modem to provide dial-up networking and fax capabilities. For dial-up networking, AT commands are used to control the mobile phone or modem, and another protocol stack (such as PPP over RFCOMM) is used for data transfer. For fax transfer, the fax software operates directly over RFCOMMLAN access This usage model enables devices on a piconet to access a LAN. Once connected, a device functions as if it were directly connected (wired) to the LANSynchronization This model provides a device-to-device synchronization of PIM (personal information management) information, such as phone book, calendar, nitty-gritty, and note information. IrMC (Ir mobile communications) is an IrDA protocol that provides lymph gland/server capability for transferring updated PIM information from one device to anotherThree-in- one phone Telephone handsets that implement this usage model may act as a cordless phone connecting to a voice base station, as an intercom device for connecting to other telephones, and as a cellular phoneHeadset The headset can act as a remote devices audio input and output interface.1.5.4 AdvantagesBluetooth has a lot to plead with an increasingly difficult market place. Bluetooth helps to bring with it the promise of freedom from the cables and simplicity in networking that has to that extent to be matched by LAN (Local Area Network).In the recognize marketplace, of wireless and handheld devices, the closest competitor to Bluetooth is infrared. Infrared holds many key features, although the line of sight it provides doesnt go through walls or through obstacles like that of the Bluetooth technology. inappropriate infrared, Bluetooth isnt a line of sight and it provides ranges of up to 100 meters. Bluetooth is also low power and low processing with an overhead protocol. What this means, is that its ideal for integration into small barrage powered devices. To put it short, the applications with Bluetooth are virtually endless.DisadvantagesBluetooth has several positive features and one would be extremely hard pressed to find downsides when assumption the current competition. The only real downsides are the data rate and security. Infrared can have data rates of up to 4 MBps, which provides very fast rates for data transfer, while Bluetooth only offers 1 MBps.For this very reason, infrared has yet to be dispensed with completely and is considered by many to be the complimentary technology to that of Bluetooth. Infrared has inherent security due to its line of sight.The greater range and radio frequency (RF) of Bluetooth makAe it much more open to interception and attack. For this reason, security is a very key aspect to the Bluetooth specification. Although there are very few disadvantages, Bluetooth still remains the best for short range wireless techn ology. Those who have tried it love it, and they know for a fact that Bluetooth will be around for years to come.1.5.5 take to taskIn a Bluetooth Chat application, well develop a JABWT-based clack fashion application, called Chat, for mobile devices that must support the J2ME MIDP 1.0 profile. Users who have a JABWT-capable device can use this application to confer with their nearby friends in an IRC fashion. It searches and joins any existing remonstrate room within the Bluetooth effective range, or creates a new chat room in the nearby Bluetooth range. We use the words chat room to represent a virtual chat room thats formed by a network of Chat applications. Users can start messaging with each other within the same virtual chat room when theres more than one party connected to each other. If one user organizes a message over the air, all parties of the chat room will receive the message. Users can join and leave the chat room at anytime. For our convenience we assumes likeT heres only one chat room that exists within effective Bluetooth range.There is no security imposed when joining a chat room.Users run one instance of Chat on a device at any given time.Before we dig into the source code, lets look at some of the Bluetooth application design issues. JABWT does a good job of providing a familiar API to J2ME developers for accessing Bluetooth facilities. JABWT is integrated with the J2ME Generic Connection Framework. As a result, Bluetooth network programming is very similar to a stream-based connection model. resembling many other network protocols, the Bluetooth connection model employs a client/server architecture. Our Chat application, on the other hand, operates in a peer-to-peer manner. Each runnel instance of Chat (or a node) can serve as a client and a server at the same time. It behaves as a client when Chat starts up it searches and connects to existing running Chat devices. Once connected, it makes itself available for future clients to con nect to. In such cases, it serves as a server for future client connections. To logically represent an active Chat node, we use the concept of endpoint to encapsulate all the connectivity attributes of a node. An endpoint represents a droll message delivery destination and source regardless of whether it is a server or a client.A Bluetooth connection differs from a regular socket connection by its unique device and service discovery processes. Bluetooth applications typically start the device discovery process to identify connectable devices, which is followed by a service discovery process to throw a reference (URL) to suitable services. To hide these complexities from the Graphical User Interface (GUI) elements, a network layer is introduced to serve as a faade to the Bluetooth API. This design is comparable to the Model-Viewer-Controller model where the Viewer component is decoupled from the Model component. The GUI can access Bluetooth connectivity via a simplified interface, which does all the discovery and connection establishment behind the scenes. This network layer also provides the functionality to send messages to and receive messages from other endpoints. A call back interface is in place to report any network activity back to the GUI. The Bluetooth Network is explain below.The communication channel between each connected Chat endpoint is a structured data stream connection. We put together a simple protocol to coordinate the activity between each endpoint. This protocol includes the following featuresInitial tremble Each point must handshake with each other when the connection is first open up. This ensures that the connecting device is a Chat node rather than a mistakenly connected application. During the handshake, we also exchange the screen names of the usersDelivery of text message Each sent text message is delivered to all endpoints connected to the Chat network.Termination handshake If the user quits the chat room gracefully, a terminat ion token is sent to all the other endpoints to indicate its intention. We can clean up the necessary network and runtime resources associated with the leaving endpoint upon receiving this token. However, if the user walks away from effective range and becomes inaccessible, a termination token is not sent. Other active endpoints will discover the leaving party is inaccessible when the connections are lost, and they will clean up the resources.1.5.5.1 Implementation ConsiderationThe NetLayer class, which implements the Chat networking layer, does most of the Bluetooth-related work and provides the following functionalityInitializes the Bluetooth stackRegisters Chat services to the Bluetooth deviceSearches for nearby devicesSearches for Chat services on nearby devicesEstablishes endpoint connectivity for found Chat servicesManages the life cycle of all endpointsThe Bluetooth stack can be initialized by calling LocalDevice. getLocalDevice(). LocalDevice is a singleton that uniquely rep resents the underlying Bluetooth device instruction execution. You can use the LocalDevice instance to gain access to other Bluetooth features including baring agent (via getDiscoveryAgent())Bluetooth physical network address (via getBluetoothAddress())SDDB (via getRecord() and updateRecord())The Chat NetLayers initial work is to create and narration a Chat service to a local device. A Bluetooth service is an entry point for other Bluetooth clients to access available functionalities. Since each Chat endpoint can serve as a server, it must register its service in order to make this server available to other Chat clients. JABWT utilizes the MIDP Generic Connection Framework to instantiate a server connection. A Chat application needs to instantiate a Serial Port Profile connection, basically a stream-based connection that allows two Chat applications to exchange data using Java input and output streams. A Chat server connection is created.After a server connection is created, the s ervice is not yet available to external clients (it is not discoverable). What has happened is that JABWT created a corresponding ServiceRecord for this service. A ServiceRecord is a collection of attributes that describes our service, and these attributes are searchable by clients. We can use localDevice.getRecord( server ) to incur the newly created ServiceRecord. You may notice that the ServiceRecord is not empty at this point it is already populated with some default values that are assigned by the JABWT implementation based on the connection string and the implementation configuration when we perform Connector.open().The server.acceptAndOpen() method notifies the Bluetooth implementation that the application is ready to accept incoming connections and make the service available. This also instructs the underlying implementation to store the ServiceRecord object in the SDDB, which occurs when server.acceptAndOpen() is first invoked. Notice that only the attributes stored in the SDDB can be seen and queried by other Bluetooth clients. both subsequent change to the ServiceRecord must be reflected in the SDDB by using localDevice.updateRecord().Now our Chat application is ready to accept a connection. But what if your friends are already chatting prior to the start of your Chat? If there is an existing chat room available, Chat should join the existing network by searching for other Chat services on each individual device and connecting to their services. Three steps must be taken to perform this action.Search for an available device.For each available device, search for available and matching services.For each available and matching service, connect to the service and perform the initial handshake.DiscoveryAgent, another singleton in JABWT, can help us find other devices and services. There are two other options for retrieving connectable devices, a cached devices list and a pre known devices list. Cached devices are remote devices that have been ascertain ed in a previous inquiry. Pre known are remote devices that are preconfigured in BCC. In our example, we choose to ignore both cached and pre known devices. We want to retrieve the most up-to-date list of active Chat devices at the moment Chat is launched. Therefore, our Chat application always initiates a new search for all surrounding devices.Devices can be searchable in two modes, General Inquiry Access Code (GIAC) and Limited Inquiry Access Code (LIAC). When a device is set to GIAC, it basically means I want to be discovered all the time. Devices that provide public and permanent services fall into this category. Printers and fax machines are examples of GIAC devices. On the other hand, LIAC discovery mode means I want to be discovered for a short period of time, as requested by my user. Devices that provide on-demand connectivity will fall into this category. Examples are multiple player game consoles, mobile modems, and our Chat program.The device discovery and service discove ry processes are performed in an asynchronous manner. A Bluetooth application must provide a callback object for the JABWT implementation to notify when devices or services are found. This callback object implements the DiscoveryListener interface. When a device is found, the deviceDiscovered() method is invoked. We do some basic filtering to narrow down the candidate devices for our Chat application and ignore other unrelated devices.When all candidate devices are discovered, the device search is completed and the searchCompleted() method is invoked. We initiate the service discovery process using DiscoveryAgent .searchServices(). This is where the ServiceRecord attributes become useful. ServiceRecord is not only a description of the services, but also a query of constraints during service discovery. The second parameter of searchServices() allows us to specify which attributes and values the services must have in order for us to discover them. We can provide the UUID for the servi ce that we registered earlier and it narrows down the exact matching candidate services on a remote device. This mechanism not only improves the performance of the discovery process, but also reduces the possibility of conflict. Once the desired service (Chat service) is found, we can retrieve the corresponding connection URL and establish the physical connection.To further validate that the connected service is indeed a Chat service, we immediately perform a handshake with the other party by sending a handshake signal (SIGNAL_HANDSHAKE) and exchanging the user screen name. Receiving parties must respond with an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_HANDSHAKE_ACK) to confirm the request..To logically represent all the parties in the chat room, we introduce class EndPoint. From the application-level perspective, an endpoint encapsulates information for each actively connected Chat user and device. Chat uses EndPoint to identify which user to send a message to, and from which user a message is recei ved. This abstraction allows us to hide the JABWT complexity from the GUI application. Endpoints are created when a connection is established between two Chat devices. Once created, we attach a reading thread and sending thread to the endpoint to manage the traffic between two endpoints. From this point on, two endpoints exchange user-entered messages (using SIGNAL_MESSAGE) until a termination signal is received. Implementation of this protocol can be found in the Reader and Sender classes.When a user exits Chat, the application sends the last message a termination token (SIGNAL_TERMINATE) to all connected parties. This token signals that the endpoint is no longer active. All receiving parties must return an acknowledgment (SIGNAL_TERMINATE_ACK) and remove the leaving endpoint from the active endpoint list. An endpoint can also be removed when the connectivity is dropped, which suggests the user has left the chat room without an explicit exit command (possibly due to a users walki ng away from the Bluetooth effective range).Our GUI, based on the MIDP LCDUI API, provides a simple interface to send and receive messages. All received messages from all connected users are displayed sequentially on the screen, which creates a virtual chat room environment. When there are more messages to display than can fit onto one screen, older messages will roll off the upper edge. In this example application, users are not able to curl back to see the past messages. Pressing the Write command takes users to a message-editing mode. Pressing the Send command sends the currently entered message to the chat room all other connected users are able to see the message. To quit the chat room, pressing the Exit command sends a termination token to all other parties.1.5 Literature SurveyThere are a number of related research projects related to the music sharing. Their similarities and differences from our project are described as follows. tuna fish TUNA, 2004, researched by Media Lab Europe is probably the closest relative of our system. It explored the possibilities of a system which enables people to share their music and to communicate with others nearby while they are on the go. tunA focuses on synchronized music sharing while our system focuses on personalized music sharing.Soundpryer SOUNDPRYER, 2002, made by the Mobility Studio of the synergetic Institute in Sweden which focuses on a shared music experience between nearby cars and focuses on personal mobile music uses in urban settings. Unlike our system, Soundpryer does not include tight synchronization of that shared audio as part of their concept and implementation, and users do not choose which cars they are connected to.Sotto Voce SottoVoice, 2002, a Xerox PARC project, is an electronic guidebook which attempts to promote a shared activity between museum visitors by allowing them to eavesdrop on the descriptive audio passages that another is listening to. The system is a hack in that no content is s treamed all devices have identical local content.Bubbles Bubbles, 2003, a Telenor RD project, is a mobile audio player that allows users to exchange audio files with nearby peers. It functions much like a mobile file trading application Users swap files over HTTP but there is no infrastructure to join the audio experience among those users.Pushmusic PUSH, 2005, a software developed on PDAs, which focuses on the concept of media ecology, using agents to make songs migrate from one device to another in accordance to users music consumption habits.The methodology in A peer to peer network file sharing system in mobile phones is going to focus on mobile file sharing system. The mobile file sharing system allows users to share their resources like images, text, audio files without any aid of the central server. This system not only allows people to share their files to stranger but also identified the mobile devices in the mobile social network.CHAPTER IIOVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM2.1 Syste m Preliminary DesignThe Wireless Service subsystem will let mobile phones communicate with each other when they are in range. Since the devices use Bluetooth protocol which is a radio communications system, so they do not have to be in line of sight of each other, and can even be in other rooms, as long as the received transmission is powerful enough. There are three types of power class dependent with different ranges 1 metre, 10 metres, 100 metres. The model that the Wireless Service subsystem uses for communication is a Client- swarm architecture illustrated in figure. The role of a Host can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of a Client using Wireless Service Subsystem. TheHost refers to Tune-in Host subsystem and Client refers to Tune-in Client subsystem.This network with a group of up to 8 devices (1 Host + 7 Clients) is called a piconet. A piconet is an ad-hoc computer network of devices using Bluetooth technology protocols to allow one host device to interconn ect with up to seven active client devices (because a three-bit MAC address is used). Up to 255 further Client devices can be deactivated, or parked, which the Host device can bring into active status at any time. At any given time, data can be transferred between the Host and one Client, but the Host switches rapidly from Client to Client in a round-robin fashion.To set up a connection, a Client can would perform an inquiry to find any available device

Information System Market

study governing body MarketTo be successful in todays competitive market place, schemes need access to a telephone circuit education brass that produce accurate and targeted cultivation about customers, markets and competitors. development system is a combination of people, hardw be, softw atomic number 18, communication devices, interlockings and containive information resources that processes data and information for a specific subprogram. The system needs inputs from users to process it using tech no.ogy devices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as computers to produces occasion that lead be sent to an separate user or other system via a meshwork and receives a feedback method that controls the operation. Information system helps boldness processes and operates its daily works more(prenominal) accurately and easily. The vast majority of information system argon developed for and used by people in available areas To develop information system that addresses the need s of the organization, information system get byment professional persons must process a solid mix of business and technical knowledge. t act ask TheoryA system is an organized collection of subsystems that are highly integrated to accomplish an overall goal. The system has dissimilar inputs, which go through certain processes to produce certain outputs which together accomplish the overall desired goal for the system, Clark (1994). Systems range from impartial to complex. Complex systems are comprised of numerous subsystems that are arranged in hierarchies and integrated to accomplish the overall goal of the system. Each subsystem has its declare boundaries of sorts and entangles various inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes geared to accomplish an overall goal for the subsystem. Complex systems usually interact with their environments and are thus open systems. A high functioning system continually exchange feedback among its various come aparts to ensure that they re of import closely aligned and concentrate on achieving the goal of the system. If any of the parts or activities in the system seems weakened or misaligned, the system ingests necessary adjustments to more hard-hittingly achieve its goals. System theory helps handlers view the organizations from a broader perspective that include structures, patterns and events rather than just the events themselves. This is what is known as system thinking which is used as a legal instrument for system analysis.Trendy Garments Ltd (TGL) is a complex set of interdependent subsystems such as Accounting, Marketing, HRM, Design, Sales, Purchase and Warehousing, Manufacturing, logistics and Dispatch that work collaboratively to accomplish the organizations goal which is manufacturing and selling various types of male and female garments. TGL is an open system that takes in resources and information from its environment, processes them in different ways and returns a range of products to mortals and systems in its environment. It is highly dependent on its environment for survival.TGL system characteristicsInput TGL take in pecuniary resources mainly from selling its products. Another vital form of input for TGL system is information such as market re lookup data, political, business and customers needs and forethoughts. Buying products from fabric supplier lav be considered as an measurable input.Process or throughput In this organization, the subsystems have very specialized functions and their works include several processes that are both distinct and interdependent. For example, the purchase department and warehouse receive input in the form of fabric, through individual effort and group works they turn the fabric into beautiful garments. The marketing department uses research data to create effective advertisement with the intent to generate revenue. Another important type of organizational throughput is the work of coordinating individual and subsystems effort toward the goal of producing output. This work may be d unmatched through formal processes such as staff meetings, planning and decision- making, communication between the departments, discussing and working together.Output The most obvious output of TGL organization is manufacturing and selling female and male garments. Another output is advertisement of TGLs products in the market. Introducing changes in the organization based on the market needs is another important output.Environment According to open system theory, TGL interacts with its environment in a complex series of interrelated loops such as individuals, increased use of information system by all business organizations, change in customers needs and demands, change in business political rules and policies, competitors, suppliers , contact with local, national and international retailers and entirely sellers and enlargement of the business. Their success depends on how hygienic their characteristics and behavior align with th eir environment.Feedback Completing the cycle, TGL receives feedback from its environment about its product and function in the forms of sale figures, business reviews, expansion of business, increase in number of employees and marketing search. Individual subsystems may also receive feedback from their immediate environments inside the organization. This information serves as new input and becomes part of a new cycle and potentially shapes coming(prenominal) actions.Goal TGLs main goal is to produce the top quality garments for male and female that meets their needs and expectation and has a very well known reputation in the market.In separately system, the information flow between the system and its subsystems should be clear and simple in order to perform its daily work. There is always interrelated communications and integration between all subsystems in the organization, Brynjolfssn Mendelson (1993). Managers cannot look at separately department separately. They should rec ognize the various parts of the organization and in limited, the interrelations of the parts. For instance, the coordination of the central office with other departments, communication between purchasing department and warehousing department, integration between purchasing department and manufacturing department, coordination between bill department and purchasing department and so on. This coordination occurs also between the sections of each department. Therefore, we can see that the inputs of one department can be an output for another department and vice versa. calculating machine NetworkingIt is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the target of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software. Networking enables people within your business to work with each other and with other people in other locations and other businesses. It enables contact in entirely new ways and entirely new levels across the offices and right around the world. Computer networks allow the users to access remote programs and remote database either of the comparable organization or from other enterprises. It raises communication possibilities faster than other facilities. Beside these reasons, computer networks reduce cost by sharing hard and software resources. It also has high reliability by having multiple source of supply and having bulkyer flexibility because of possibility to get together devices from various venders. Because of the importance of this technology, decisions of purchase, structure and operation of computer networks cannot be left to technical staff. Management as well has a critical need for understanding the technology of computer network. Good computer network prevents defects in the system and system down all the time, is secure and prevents hackers.Computer networks fall into two main types client/server networks and peer to peer networks. A client/server networks use one or more dedi cated server to share the files, markers and diligences. friction match to peer networks allow any user to share files with any other user and doesnt require a central dedicated server. The most common networks are Local Area Networks (LAN), Wide Area Networks (WAN) and Internet.Since TGL is a growing organization, it is in great need for these networks to achieve its goals. TGL needs both LANs and WANs. LAN connects departments in the same area together to share files, work on projects, send instant massages and e-mail massages simultaneously. WANs connect multiple LANs together, usually over large distance. To networks everyone together, servers, router, core switch, switches, exculpate wall and personal computers are needed. The most suitable design for TGL is client/server network. The system will be used by programming nomenclature connected data base. This is easier to implement data, more secure, efficient, time consuming and friendly use for end users. The program must b e custom system so that it can be changed based on changes in environment of TGL and can be developed when necessary. The system and data base in the server will be shared between clients and admin. Microsoft windows 2003 will be used for the server and Vista or XP for the client. .net programming language provided with SQL server 2005 is needed. After installing the system, create network accounts for the users (names, passwords). Passwords will be saved in data base. Users should be in data base to use the system. For security purpose, log in appears each time the user open the system. The menu contains each departments and it is friendly use. Create areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files and programs. Each department has its own data base and there is connection between each department data base using data base relation. Users can add, delete and make search according to the organizations policy while administrators have access to everything in the system and c an perform all the related functions.Topology refers to the way in which the network of the computers is connected. Each regional anatomy is suited to specific task and has its own advan nockes and disadvantages. The choice of topology is dependent upon type and number of equipment being used, be after application and rate of data transfer, required response time and cost. There are four major topologies, bus, tree, ring and paladin. Most networking software support all topologies. Topologies are an important part of network design theory. Therefore, any organization should select the one that best fit its purpose. The best topology for this network would be star topology. Star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstation and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub. Data on a star network passes through the hub before continuing to its destination. The hub manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable. Star topology is easy to install and wire, no disruptions to the network then connecting or removing devices, easy to detect faults and to remove parts, easy to add new workstations, centralise control and centralized network/hub monitoring and prevent traffic collision in data. However, it requires more cable length, if the hub fails, nodes attached are disabled, and more expensive. The protocols used with star configuration are usually Ethernet or Local Talk.Accounting and HRM systemsAccounting information system uses modern information technology resources to provide users with the financial information necessary to manage their organizations. Accounting information systems cover all business functions from backbone accounting transaction processing systems to sophisticated financial management planning and processing systems. The staff that you install will depend on factors such as the size and complexity of your or ganization, your existing financial systems and the expertise of your accounting staff. You have to ensure that your organizations financial system is handling all its functions. Your goal is to keep your system as simple as possible while meeting your current and potential needs, Elliott (2004). Be sure to take future growth into consideration and evaluate whether you can modify a software package by adding additional modules in the future if the organization expands or you need to revise the system. Modules includeSystem manager control the computerized accounting system.General ledger receives entries from other modules, creates key financial documents such as balance sheets, lets users amend information previously posted, records financial transactions not recorded in other modules, creates budgets which allows an organization to track differences between planned and actual business results and creates detailed audit trials.Accounts receivable handles the reporting of income owe d to an organization from sales, responsible for billing clients, recognizes deposits to bank accounts, usually maintains the master files about customers, has the capacity to move out a list of all money due, identifies the source and notes how long the debt has been outstanding.Accounts payable handles the reporting of money due to others, may have the capacity to print computer-generated checks to vendors, maintains master records, permits posting of immediate payments, allows an organization to recognize expenditures and update budgets at the purchase order stage, recognizes costs when the invoice is posted.Inventory updates inventory stocks and prices when goods are received, reduces inventories at the time of sale, links the purchase order system to show goods on order, alerts staff when goods need to be reordered.Fixed assets tracks key information such as cost, date when put in service, title holder and useful life of fixed assets, may also track model and serial numbers, l ocation, identification tag number, warranty, service information and vendor.To be able to manage a company efficiently, one should always have full information about each particular business process and the whole company. Accounting cannot always provide top manager with such information because it focuses mostly on the needs of external entities. The purpose of management accounting is to provide full and trustworthy information necessary for making correct management decisions and plans. The management accounting reflects all factual expenses and revenues of the organization so a top manager can get a clear picture of the organization operation and make reasonable decisions. Modules include staff/organizational structure management module reflects the organizational structure in the automated system. Departments, sub-departments, and positions are formed according to the company staff list. The staff manager gets the necessary tool arounds for performing their tasks inputting an d accounting the company staff information.Production management module contains tools for working with the information about all production process components, projects, developers and financial documents.Customer relationship module is a set of programming interfaces for entering and managing information about organizations customers.Revenues/expenses analysis module is a data analysis tool that is necessary to the company managers of all levels. Especially important is the financial accounting because it is the financial analysis that helps determine the companys financial situation and success.Reporting module creates individual reports at the top managers request apart from the general usual, regulated reports.Accounting interfacing module exports the necessary data from management accounting system to the external accounting software.Human resource management allows enterprises to automate many aspects of human resource management with the dual benefits of reducing the workloa d of HR department as well as increasing the efficiency of the department by standardizing HR processes, Stalinski, (2004). The HR department plays a vital role in ensuring the smooth running of an enterprise. Modules includePayroll module automates the payroll process allowing HR to ensure that payroll functions are completed on time and without errors.Time and labour management module is designed to collate and analyze employee timekeeping information in the processes of organizational cost accounting. By sourcing data directly from the timekeeping devices and methods used to calculate payroll, this module can provide management with valuable data regarding the use of labour resources within the enterprise.Benefit administration module provides the personnel with the capacity to monitor and manage employees participation in a range of benefits programs such as health insurance, pension schemes and profit sharing.HR management module provides a range of HR solutions ranging from an alyses of application data through to the basic demographic data of employees.Electronic businessE-business means using the internet or related technologies for any of business operation. This includes managing essential processes such as human resources, financial and administration systems as well as external processes such as sales and marketing, supply of goods and services and customer relationships. The emerge e-business market affords companies of all sizes and types the opportunity to leverage their existing assets, employees, technology infrastructure and information to gain or maintain market share, Li (2007).TGL can run its business more efficiently, achieve more with fewer resources and for less cost using e-business. This can be accomplished by integrating business system and eliminating duplication of efforts. Using e-business can make TGL administrative and operational activities more efficient through accessing the internet to source information about the industry, suppliers and products and fro general search, cyclosis traditional physical transactions into electronic transactions, human resources management, customer relationship management and using appropriate project management software. By selling products and services online, an e-business is able to reach a much wider consumers base than any traditional store could ever hope for. An e-business may also use the internet to get wind wholesale products or supplies for in-house production. In addition to buying and selling products, e-business may also handle other traditional business aspects. The use of electronic scold as a form of technical and customer support is an excellent example of this. Using e-mail and private websites as a method for dispensing internal memos is another use of the internet by e-business. Rather than producing time-intensive and costly physical copies for each employee, a central server or e-mail list can serve as an efficient method for distributing necessa ry information. To remain viable, e-business must adjust to evolving technologies, continually integrate new systems and satisfy a wide human body of consumers. If a business fails to do so, its customers do not have far to go to buy from competitors.According to Walsh, e-business tools include mobile phones, personal digital supporter (PDA), electronic data interchange, file transfer, facsimile and video conferencing, internets, intranets and extranets. Activities that can be performed using e-business tools include trading of goods or services online, electronic retailing, use of the internet, intranets or extranets to conduct research and manage business activities, web site marketing, online communications such as e-mail and online training for staff. The way in which you manage your business relationships through e-business is known asBusiness to business (B2B) where organizations trade with each other electronically.Business to consumer (B2C) where organizations communicate directly with customers electronically.Consumer to consumer (C2C) where consumers meet in a realistic environment to share information.TGL can use e-business to communicate with customers, members or suppliers via e-mail, send e-mails to other organizations to order products and services, sell or promote their products, or services via their clear site, use the web to find information such as prices, use the web for research, such as the latest trends, use their tissue site as a means of managing the information in their business and use the internet for online banking and paying bills.To implement e-business strategies, a portal is needed. A portal represents a vane site that provides a single point of access to applications and information that can be hosted on one or many servers. Portals are becoming more and more important to companies such as TGL who have an ever-increasing need to provide employees, partners and customers with an integrated view of applications, informati on and business processes. Portals meets these needs by allowing companies to build Web sites that combine functionality and resources into a single interface while enforcing business policies, processes and security requirements and providing personalized views of information to end users. A portal is the best solution when a company has the need for several types of Web presence an intranet for its employees, a secure site for interactions with partners and a public Web site, White (2001).Portal sites offer visitors the recover to find almost anything they are looking for in one place. They often provide news, sports, and weather information as well as the ability to search the web. Horizontal portals are that aggregate information on a broad range of topics. Vertical portals are more specific because they offer a great deal of information pertaining to a single area of interest and this is what is needed for TGL. Portals that link consumers to online merchants, online shopping m alls and auction sites provide several advantages. These portals help users collect information on products and services thus facilitating comparison shopping.ConclusionInformation Systems Management is the application of information technology to support the major functions and activities of any business organization. doctrine supports the process of collection, manipulation, storage, distribution and utilization of an organizations information resources, Mursu (2007).ISM managers and professionals must stay up-to-date with evolving information technologies and have a solid foundation of technical skills to select appropriate technologies and to implement computer-based information systems. Thus, ISM people must be well versed in topics such as systems development tools and techniques, information architecture, network configurations, databases, and systems integration.They must understand organizational structures, objectives, operations including processes and flow of data betwee n processes and the financial implications related to these factors. Only by understanding these factors can an ism professional committee communicate effectively with users and then design systems that support their needs.ReferencesBrynjolfsson. F, Mendelson. H. (1993) Information System and the Organization of Modern Enterprise. Journal of Organisational Computing.Clark, R. (1994) The Path of Development of Strategic Information System Theory. http//www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/SOS/StratISTh.htmlElliott, G. (2004) Global Business Information Technology. Addison Wesley, Harlow, England.http//www.Network Organizations.htmKurtyka, J. (2003) The limits of business intelligence An Organizational Learning Approach. DM Review. pp. 36-41.Li, F. (2007) What is e-business and does it still matter? International Journal of Information Technology and Management. Vol. 6, no. 2. pp. 125-137.Mursu, A. etal (2007) Activity Theory in information system research and practice theoretical unde rpinnings for an information systems development model. IR information research. Vol. 12, no. 3.Stalinski, S. (2004) Organizational Intelligence A System Perspective. Organizational Development Journal. Vol. 22, No. 2.Walsh, B. Building e-business plan for an e-commerce project networking computing. http//www.networkcomputing.com/917/917f2.htmlWhite, C. (2001) The evolution of e-business portal. DM Review Magazine. http//www.the Evolution of the E-Business Portal.html

Analysis of Death of Ivan Ilych Essay -- essays research papers

Letting Pain BeTo many individuals the newsworthiness further has a positive gist behind it. It suggests improvement, some subject military man have been obsessed with since the dawn of family. However, if closely examined, progress can also have a negative connotation as well. turn bringing improvement, progress can simultaneously spark conformity, dep checkency, and the obsession of perfection within the individuals caught in its midst. It is this aspect of progress within raw society that negatively affects Ivan Ilych, Leo Tolstoys main character in The Death of Ivan Ilych. Ivans attempt to conform to modern societys view of perfection takes remote his emotional state long before he dies. Furthermore, his fear of death and reactions towards it reflects modern societys inability to be intimate with the ever present reminder that humans still suffer and die, despite all attempts to make life painless, perfect, and immortal. Although we as a society have mature and made peoples lives easier, our aff able-bodied suffering is as present as ever, due to our incessant need to have everything perfect. We seem to forget that the trance of living comes from the imperfect and the unexpected. In her essay On the Fear of Death Elisabeth Kubler-Ross suggests that the modern age, while increasing life span and ease of life, has at the equal time given carriage to a rising number of emotional problems, amongst the living (Ross 407). She also suggests that because of modern societys progress, there has been an increased dread towards death. While Ross is writing for twentieth degree centigrade society her ideas apply to the nineteenth century as well, when Tolstoy wrote The Death of Ivan Ilych. Ivan Ilych is living during the industrial revolution, a time of expert advancement, that mainly advances the upper class, which he is obscure of. Ivans number one priority in life is to be comfortable and to do the correct thing at all times. Every conclusion h e makes, including who he chooses to marry, is with the intent that it does not damage his easy, agreeable, and always decorous character of his life, (Tolstoy 213). Ivan is convinced that the best way to have an easy and agreeable life is to be wealthy, marry a woman from his own class, and live in a house full of modern conveniences and luxury. Ironically, it... ...roduction of Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 44 it is verbalize that Ivan Ilychs passage from life to death also entails a passage from falseness to truth (326). One could also look at this in a different light. From a physiologic stance Ivan does go from life to death, from perfection to imperfection, but from a spiritual perspective it is actually the opposite. It takes the death of Ivans physical self to finally see what is important, his spirituality, his divine spark. This, he finally realizes, is what true perfection is. Hence, Ivan is able to see gone the falseness of conformity in the end and no longer fear death.In his last moments of life, Ivan sees light instead of death. His final audible words atomic number 18 What joy despite the pain he feels. This epiphany that he has happens in a single moment and in a sense makes him finally come alive. Thus, ripe(p) before his final breath Ivan is able to say to himself Death is finished, it is no more Death no longer has a hold on him because the call for of perfection no longer does. Ivan has finally decided, after a lifetime of denying it, to let the pain be. Analysis of Death of Ivan Ilych Essay -- essays research papers Letting Pain BeTo many individuals the word progress has a positive meaning behind it. It suggests improvement, something humans have been obsessed with since the dawn of society. However, if closely examined, progress can also have a negative connotation as well. While bringing improvement, progress can simultaneously spark conformity, dependency, and the obsession of perfection within the individuals caught in its midst. It is this aspect of progress within modern society that negatively affects Ivan Ilych, Leo Tolstoys main character in The Death of Ivan Ilych. Ivans attempt to conform to modern societys view of perfection takes away his life long before he dies. Furthermore, his fear of death and reactions towards it reflects modern societys inability to cope with the ever present reminder that humans still suffer and die, despite all attempts to make life painless, perfect, and immortal. Although we as a society have advanced and made peoples lives easier, our mental suffering is as present as ever, due to our incessant need to have everything perfect. We seem to forget that the fascination of living comes from the imperfect and the unexpected. In her essay On the Fear of Death Elisabeth Kubler-Ross suggests that the modern age, while increasing life span and ease of life, has at the same time given way to a rising number of emotional problems, amongst the living (Ross 407). She also suggests that because of modern societys progress, there has been an increased anxiety towards death. While Ross is writing for twentieth century society her ideas apply to the nineteenth century as well, when Tolstoy wrote The Death of Ivan Ilych. Ivan Ilych is living during the industrial revolution, a time of technological advancement, that mainly advances the upper class, which he is apart of. Ivans number one priority in life is to be comfortable and to do the correct thing at all times. Every decision he makes, including who he chooses to marry, is with the intent that it does not damage his easy, agreeable, and always decorous character of his life, (Tolstoy 213). Ivan is convinced that the best way to have an easy and agreeable life is to be wealthy, marry a woman from his own class, and live in a house full of modern conveniences and luxury. Ironically, it... ...roduction of Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 44 it is stated that Ivan Ilychs p assage from life to death also entails a passage from falseness to truth (326). One could also look at this in a different light. From a physical perspective Ivan does go from life to death, from perfection to imperfection, but from a spiritual perspective it is actually the opposite. It takes the death of Ivans physical self to finally see what is important, his spirituality, his divine spark. This, he finally realizes, is what true perfection is. Hence, Ivan is able to see past the falseness of conformity in the end and no longer fear death.In his last moments of life, Ivan sees light instead of death. His final audible words are What joy despite the pain he feels. This epiphany that he has happens in a single moment and in a sense makes him finally come alive. Thus, right before his final breath Ivan is able to say to himself Death is finished, it is no more Death no longer has a hold on him because the quest of perfection no longer does. Ivan has finally decided, after a lifetim e of denying it, to let the pain be.

The Scop (beowulf) :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

The ScopAfter Julius Caesar countersink claim to Englisyou do non want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal bill of fare bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Noh soil, the Britons were subject the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon part of the Anglo-Saxon body of folklore and legend. It was not long until various warrior-kings had a caroler, or scop attached to their courts who could recite and sing a body or oral literature- particularly about the warrior-kings glorious deeds.In the late sixth century, Augustine came to England at the request of Pope Gregory. Gregory advised his monks not to disrupt Englands pagan customs, but to proceed with renewing gradually. Consequently, the question arises concerning whether Beowulf resulted from the traditions handed down by the scops, or whether the poem was a product of the monasteries. Some critics claim that it is an amalgam of both elements.Since the poet gives us a worthful portrait of the scop in all, they reason, the scop had a storehouse of old folktales, legenyou do not want to receive this notification, click the Options link on the top horizontal menu bar. On the Options page, click the Preferences link. Scroll down to the Confirm Sent Messages option and select Nods, and heroic deeds performed by great heroes of the agone. Hrothgars scop was able to sing Beowulfs praises the day following the defeat of Grendel, and in the song, he includes the older Lay of Sigemund. The scops purpose was to honor his noble patron or others who past and be able to sing them at the pride of the tribe depended upon a long genealogy of heroes. Additionally, the scop defined the moral values of his society by relation about heroes and about those who acted in non-heroic ways. His songs endorsed models of behavior. By example, he taught that certain actions wer e profitable to the group, and and criticized those who failed to perform according to the expectations of the group.course, do not recognize the code which includes the wergild option.The ScopAfter Julius Caesar lay claim to English soil, the Britons were subject to numerous invasions, mostly from Scandinavian tribes to the north of England. Many Scandinavian tribes who raided the Northern coasts remained to become settlers and tillers of the soil, and Anglo-Saxon society continued to be reasonably well organized, aristocratic, and of folklore and legend.