Cropping Pattern And Cropping Schedule Environmental Sciences Essay

Cropping Pattern And Cropping archive Environmental Sciences EssayChapter 1Introduction emphasise land is a crucial role in the c atomic number 18ers of nations all e verywhere the world. As the focal point of the agricultural sector is to raise the swan consecrate and to finish the feed security for continuing population increase, irrigation becomes alert support to provide additional wet system supply. Nowadays, precipitation cannot be reliable in many parts of the world and temperature increases continuously due to the temper dislodge. Moreover, in that location ar variegates in air temperature and increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Furthermore, geographical changes might besides take away severe effectuate on the local urine resources. As a result, water resources become dismay and it threats a serious challenge to irrigation water supply, tillage water have, food security, and environmental protection. Irrigation water resources and agr icultural water demand are potently unsafe. As climate change affects hydrological cycles locally and globally, its potential changes will have a significant impact on agriculture and water resources. on that point is an increase stress of the impact of climate change on water resources and probable implications for water resource management. The consequences of climate change may spay the reliability, the amount and timing of river flow, challenge the coping capacities of existing water-related infrastructures and bring higher(prenominal) risks of water shortages and floods.Myanmar (formerly called as Burma)which locates in South East Asia lying mingled with 10 and 29 N latitude and between 92 and101 longitudes, also suffers from climate change impacts on water cycle due to the jerky change of weather standard. Flood and long drought occurs consequently and thus sustainability of water environment in some domains is facing difficulties. Moreover, rainfall pattern and in tensity have been evidently changing in some countrys of the obscenity according to topographical condition. on that point are collar climate conditions in Myanmar specified as pass, showery and winter seasons. Two third field of study of the country enjoys in the tropics and the remaining one third waterfall within temperate climate conditions. Average annual rainfall in coastal regions is over 5000 mm and in the Dry Zone which locates in Central Myanmar is less than 750mm. The comely temperature is 21C in northern regions which are the coolest studys and 32C in coastal area. Temperature sometimes reaches to 40C during the hot seasons and over in exchange dry geographical zone areas which are the hottest regions in Myanmar.Water resources in Myanmar are absolutely lush and can be used to fulfill the agricultural water demand and other sectors. Agriculture is a main scotch sector in Myanmar and strain-based irrigation systems, have been implemented to improve agricu ltural employment. Paddy fields are mostly found in the delta region which includes Ayeyarwady, Bago and Yangon region of pull down Myanmar and central dry zone areas which includes Mandalay, Sagaing and Magway regions (Figure 1). Irrigation Projects have been implementing a lot in Myanmar to poise traditional rainfed rice and to introduce double-rice to promote the rice production. According to the hydrological conditions it is split into two seasons, wet and dry. Paddies are traditionally cultivated by monsoon rain during the wet season. Summer paddies have grown as a sulfur rice curtail throughout the dry season according to the water availability in the regions where irrigation projects have been initiated.The delta region in lower Myanmar is the study rice production area. As water resources are affected ominously by global climate change, it makes seriously vulnerable to set water essential. Ngamoeyeik Irrigation Project Area which is just outside of Yangon City in trim down Myanmar, paddy glossiness during rainy season has traditionally been conducted at a lower place rainfed conditions and summer paddies with irrigation were added since 1995 after the project has been completed. Both paddies are cultivated completely in the rainy and summer periods, respectively. Summer paddies are cultivated just now by irrigation. As there is no rain within the dry season, and the rootage influx is very expressage. Therefore, the summer paddies are constrained by the hold water-storage in the reservoir during the dry season. Considering the wide range of the adverse effect in this area, there is needed to evaluate and access future irrigation water requirement in a changing climate for promoting crop production.D1st proposalfor introduction6_page10_image1.gifFigure Regions in Myanmar sift, wheat, and maize are predominate three grain-crops for food, and these are the products of agriculture sector, coming from rain fed and irrigated fields.Statement of the fussAccording to the Asian Development Bank (2009), Myanmar is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change associated with global warming. Summer paddies are cultivated only by irrigation in lower Myanmar. In dry season, the reservoir inflow is very limited and consequently the water availability of summer paddies is very limited. Severe climate change effects could affect the irrigation water requirement as well as the production of rice and other crops on which the population depends. Decreasing rainfall and increasing temperature pose an insufficient demand for crop and cause delay in agricultural cycles. As a result, it will disturb crop growth in the subsequent months. During the exploitation season, abnormal weather will damage the crops and in the harvesting period, adverse climate can damage the ripening crop. This study will match and evaluate the impact climate change and estimate and manage the crop water requirement to cope with the future scare wate r resources.aaaaaaObjectivesThe peculiar(prenominal) documentarys of this study are as followsto analyze the future climate change impact for projection period of 2015 to 2030 using statistical downscaling analysis mode (SDSM 4.2),to find out the future irrigation water requirements for rice production with climate change impact using AquaCrop,to make adaptations in order to rear and manage the irrigation water demand to cope with the future scare water resources.Chapter 2Literature ReviewChapter 3MethodologyConceptual cloth for evaluating future crop water requirementPurpose and Strategy of military rank of future irrigation water requirementObjectives of future irrigation water requirement valuationRice is the main food in Myanmar and it is also a major crop of the agriculture sector. The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) has imposed summer paddy cultivation with irrigation in 1992-1993 to promote the rice production. Irrigation water requirement will change c hthonic changing climate with the effects of decreasing rainfall patterns and increasing temperature. Moreover as climate change directly impacts on rice production, there has to be evaluated and adopted the future agricultural water requirements under the combined effects of growth population demands and competition from other economic sectors under future socioeconomic development.Smajstrla and Zazueta (1995) state that the irrigation water requirement (IWR) for crop production is the amount of water that moldiness be applied to fulfill a crops evapotranspiration needs in addition to rainfall without significant yield reduction . It has to be needed that irrigation water applied to paddies cultivation must(prenominal) be fixed the different water requirement with the different growing stages. Therefore, future irrigation water requirement with climate change impact must be assessed to conduct proper management for rice cultivation.The main objective of evaluation of future irrig ation water requirement is to promote the rice production with proper management to meet the crop water requirement under changing climate. To achieve this aim the evaluation embraces all required information concerning the impacts of climate change combining the growing population and environmental impacts. comment of the study area emplacementNgamoeyeik Irrigatin Project is one of the large irrigation projects in Lower Myanmar. It has been developed by the Department of Irrigation under the counsel of the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. The project was completed in March, 1995. The project is situated in Hlegu Township, which is closely 20-50 km northeast of Yangon City (Fig.3.1). The target area of the irrigated cultivation is 28,330 ha. There is also a plan to supply water to Yangon City for interior(prenominal) use with the amount of 0.41 MCM per day.. The area is bounded by creeks and rivers providing natural drainage, such as the Balar Creek, Khayein Creek and Bag o River (Fig.3.2). The project area is mostly within Hlegu Township.Location about 20-50 km northeast of Yangon City(in Hlegu Township)Name of river Ngamoeyeik CreekCatchment area 28330 haAverage annual rainfall 2540 milli measuresAverage annual inflow obturate type earthen damDam length 1.86 kilo measuring rodsDam height 22.9 metersFull storage volume 222 million cubic meterDead storage volume 15 million cubic meter theatrical role of spillway Width of spillway Designed spillway neglect Full supply level CUsersUserAppDataLocalMicrosoftWindowsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word1 Water Resources military rating for Paddy Irrigation_037.pngClimateClimate of the study area is warm and tropic and enjoys the southwest monsoon. The rainfall is rich enough for rice cultivation. Even in drought years, the region receives a stable with average annual rainfall of 2,540 mm. This region has a rainy season and dry season in a year. Rivers, rivulets and natural drainages are flooding every year during the rainy season due to the monsoon heavy rain. However, their flow discharges are very limited and there is almost no rain within the dry season. free-and-easy average temperature is above 25 C throughout a year. Thus, the region has a favorable weather environment for rice cultivation for a round-year, even in the dry season if water is available.Soil TypeThe rice soils of Lower Burma are gley soils or degraded soils or are intermediate between these two types (Karmanov, I. I). These soils are widely distributed in Lower Burma. (http//www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19601902538.html) The rice yields will be highest on heavy loamy soil and light clayey gley soils and lowest on degraded soils.Cropping Pattern and Cropping ScheduleRice, wheat, and maize are three major crops for food, and these are the main products of agriculture sector, under rainfed and irrigated fields.Table Cropping pattern in Hlegu Township, 1999-2000Cultivation AreaRice is grown in this region twice a year, rainny paddies are alone cultivated under rainfed condition from June to November and the summer paddies with irrgation are from December to May. The summer paddies were started in 1995 after completion of the project. Rainfed rice are cultivated p.a. in the basin about 35,000 ha . During the last 6 years, from 1996-97 to 2001-02, an average area of 14,000 ha has been irrigated for summer paddies within the project area. The total area of irrigated summer paddies was up to about 18,500 ha, 65% of the project service area, in the year 2000.